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PSYCHOLOGICAL
CORRELATES OF HAZARDOUS DRUG USE
ABSTRACT
The purpose
of this study was to investigate psychological correlates (Depression, Anxiety
and Stress) of hazardous drug use among undergraduates. The sample consisted of four hundred and
thirty-eight (438) respondents: 268 males (61.03%) and 170 Females (38.7%)
drawn at random from five faculties and ten departments of the university of
Uyo in Akwa Ibom state using a systematic sampling technique with their ages ranging from 17-30 years and
a mean age of X¯= 22.87 and a
standard deviation SD= 3.48. The design
for this study was the cross sectional survey design. The instruments that was
used in this study comprised of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale
(DASS-42) developed by Lovibond and Lovibond, (1995) and the Drug use Disorder
identification Test (DUDIT) developed by Bergman, Palmsterna and Schlyter,
(2003). Three directional hypotheses were formulated and tested. Pearson r was
used to test the hypothesis at .01 level of significance. The findings of the
study showed that there is a significant positive relationship between anxiety
and hazardous drug use among undergraduates. The findings also revealed that
there is a significant positive relationship between depression and hazardous
drug use among undergraduates. The study further revealed a significant
positive relationship between stress and hazardous drug use among
undergraduates. Findings from the study provided insight into hazardous drug
use of students as implications and recommendations were highlighted.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The use of drugs by young people
especially the undergraduates around the world is now a serious problem
considering the hazards and dangers it has on their health and emotional
well-being. In Nigeria, the use of drugs is mostly associated with youths, to
be more specific the undergraduates. Substance use has contributed to the
increasing incidence of psychological problems among the youths.
A drug is the only substance that
could bring about a change in the biological function through its chemical
actions. According to World Health Organization (2006), a drug is any substance
that when taken or absorbed into the body of a living organism alters the
normal bodily functioning. A drug can also be seen as any substances that have
a physical and psychological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into
the body (Okoye, 2001).
Balogun,
(2006) also considers drug use as any substance that modifies perceptions,
cognitions and mood, behavior and general functions. Drug alters the body
function either positively or negatively depending on the body composition of
the user, the type of drug used, the amount used and whether used singly or
alongside other drugs. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control, (2000) explained drug abuse as an excessive and persistent self
administration of drugs without regards to the medically or culturally accepted
patterns. World Book Encyclopedia, (2004) defined drug abuse as the non-medical
use of drug that interferes with a healthy and productive life. Manbe, (2008)
defined drug abuse as the excessive, maladaptive or addictive use of drugs for
non medical purpose. Abdulahi, (2009) viewed drug abuse as the use of drugs to
the extent that it interferes with the health and social functions of an
individual. In essence, drug may be
defined as the arbitrary over-dependence or misuse of one particular drug with
or without prior medical diagnosis from a quality health practitioner. Mersy,
(2003) described substance use/abuse as a problematic use of alcohol, tobacco
or illicit and prescription drugs. It may also be viewed as the unlawful overdose
in the use of drugs. Drug use is a worldwide phenomenon which can impact
negatively on health, family and society, educational and professional life.
Moronkola,
(2003) pointed out that some substances alter the mind; change the users
feeling, perception and behavior when they are used because they exert action
on the brain. Drugs generally affect one or more of the mental faculties
including mood, feelings, thoughts, perception, memory, cognition and behavior.
Studies have shown that early initiation into drug use is one of the best
predictors of future drug abuse and dependence. Studies have shown that youths
constitute the high risk group of drug dependence and substance abuse (Obot,
1989; National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, 1996). Studies have also shown that
the mostly abused drugs or a drug that are mostly used hazardously among
undergraduates in Nigeria includes alcohol and tobacco (Okanafua 1992; Okatahi,
2003). The abuse of various mood-altering substances has been reported to be
prevalent among Nigerian youths (Lambo, 1960).
Global
studies on drug use and abuse has revealed that early initiation of drug use is
one of the best predictors of future drug use and dependence. A lot of factors
account for the increased use of drugs by undergraduates in Nigerian
universities. The use of drugs may be triggered off by emotional stress in an
effort to alleviate a number of social problems. Youths generally use or abuse
those drugs in an arbitrary fashion with negative consequences to their
emotional, psychological and general well-being. According to Osayomi (1999),
from ancient times, the use of drugs has always been an inseparable part of
occultism and the youths in tertiary institutions are deeply involved in this
practice. Drug use and abuse is the primary reason why many youths and
undergraduates are incarcerated as well as a source of crime and health
problems in our society today. It has become a big problem that the number of
undergraduates incarcerated in various prisons across the country has increased
dramatically over the last decades. Some of the factors contributing to this
arrest are the public awareness of the dangers in drug abuse and the “wars on
drugs” declared by the federal government using various agencies such as
National Drug Laws Enforcement Agencies (NDLEA), National Agency for Food and
Drug Control (NAFDAC)etc.
The abuse of various mood-altering
substances has been reported to be prevalent among Nigerian youths (Lambo,
1960). Drug abuse remains a major health challenge all over the world (United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2005).
Many of the Nigerian youths ignorantly depend on one form of drug or the
other (such as tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, Heroine, Alcohol,
Ephedrine, Madras, caffeine, glue, Berbiturates and Amphetamines) for their
various daily activities. (Oshikoya & Alli, 2006).
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