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INFLUENCE OF
SHYNESS AND BODY DYSMORPHISM ON INTERNET ADDICTION
ABSTRACT
The study
investigated the influence of shyness and body dysmorphism on internet
addiction among undergraduates. Six hundred and forty undergraduates were
recruited as participants in the present study from two tertiary institutions
(university of uyo and Akwa Ibom State university) consisting of 307 males and
337 females. Their age range range were from 18- 45 and their mean age was
38.5. A cross sectional design was adopted for the study. Three instruments
were used in the study: Shyness Scale (SS) developed by Richmond and McCroskey
(1998), Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Young in 1957 and Dysmorphic
Concern Questionnaire developed by Salovey (1998). A two way Analyses of
Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the data. The result showed that there is
a significant influence of shyness on internet addiction among undergraduates
[F (1, 640) = 20.66, p < .05]. The
result also revealed that there is a significant influence of Body Dysmorphism
on internet addiction among undergraduates [F (1, 640) = 33.19, p < .05].The
result also revealed that there is no interaction influence between Shyness and
Body Dysmorphism on internet addiction among undergraduates. It was therefore
concluded that shyness and body dysmorphism are predictors of internet
addiction among undergraduates. Implications and recommendations for future
study were made.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the study
Internet
addiction has contributed a lot of problem over the years especially among
undergraduates since they are the ones who use sophisticated phones mostly
these days. Internet addiction result in personal, family, academic, financial,
and occupational problem that are characteristic of other addictions. Impairments
of real life relationships are disrupted as a result of excessive use of the
internet. Individuals suffering from
Internet addiction spend more time in solitary seclusion, spend less time with
real people in their lives, and are often viewed as socially awkward. Arguments
may result due to the volume of time spent on-line. Those suffering from
internet addiction may attempt to conceal the amount of time spent on-line,
which results in distrust and the disturbance of quality in once stable
relationships. Some suffering from Internet addiction may create on-line
personas or profiles where they are able to alter their identities and pretend
to be someone other than himself or herself. Those at highest risk for creation
of a secret life are those who suffer from low-self- esteem feelings of
inadequacy, and fear of disapproval.
Such negative self-concepts lead to clinical problems of depression and
anxiety. Many persons who attempt to quit their Internet use experience withdrawal
including: anger, depression, relief, mood swings, anxiety, fear, irritability,
sadness, loneliness, boredom, restlessness, procrastination, and upset
stomach. Being addicted to the Internet
can also cause physical discomfort or medical problems such as: Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome, dry eyes, backaches, severe headaches, eating irregularities, (such
as skipping meals), failure to attend to personal hygiene, and sleep
disturbance.
Internet addiction disorder, more
commonly called problematic Internet use (PIU), (Moreno, Jelenchick &
Christakis, 2013) refers to excessive Internet use that interferes with daily
life (Byun, Ruffini, Mills, Juline, Douglas, Niang, Stepchenkova, Lee, Loutfi,
Lee, Atallah & Blanton, 2009).
Internet addiction disorder was
originally proposed as a disorder in a satirical hoax (Goldberg, 1995; Beato,
2010), although some later researchers have taken his essay seriously. He used
this term because it was a suitable fit to his parody. This idea he conjured
was to demonstrate the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
handbook's complexity and rigidity. Among the symptoms he included in this
parody were "important social or occupational activities that are given up
or reduced because of the internet use", "fantasies or dreams about
the internet" and "voluntary or involuntary typing movements of the
fingers". (Wallis, 2016).
Goldberg
himself has redefined Internet Addiction Disorder as a "pathological
Internet use disorder" (also known as PIU) to avoid what he started as a
joke to be thought of as an officially diagnosed addiction, such as an
addiction to heroin. Goldberg mentioned that to receive medical attention or
support for every behavior by putting it in to psychiatric nomenclature is
ridiculous. Goldberg added if every overdone behavior can be an addiction that
would lead us to have support groups for individuals that consistently cough or
are addicted to books (Wallis & David, 2016). He took pathological
gambling, as diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-IV), as his model for the description of IAD. (Internet
Addictive Disorder (IAD) Diagnostic Criteria, 2009) Internet Addiction Disorder
receives coverage in the press, and the possible future classification of it as
a psychological disorder continues to be debated and researched in the
psychiatric community (Block, 2008). A systematic review of Pathological
Internet Use literature identified the lack of standardization in the concept
as a major impediment to advancing this area of study. (Moreno, 2011).
"Other online habits such as reading, playing computer games, or watching
very large numbers of Internet videos are troubling only to the extent that
these activities interfere with normal life.
Internet Addiction Disorder is often divided into subtypes by activity,
such as gaming; online social networking, (Masters, 2015); blogging; email;
excessive, overwhelming, or inappropriate Internet pornography use; (Turel
& Serenko, 2010), or Internet shopping (shopping addiction). (eBay
Addiction, 2014) Opponents note that compulsive behaviors may not necessarily
be addictive. (PsychCentral, 2018).
Internet
addiction is a subset of a broader "technology addiction". Widespread
obsession with technology goes back at least to radio in the 1930s and
television in the 1960s, but it has exploded in importance during the digital
age (Rosen et al, 2012). A study
published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
(2014) suggests that prevalence of Internet addiction varies considerably among
countries and is inversely related to quality of life (Cheng & Li, 2014).
Shyness is the awkwardness or
apprehension some people feel when approaching or being approached by other
people. Unlike introverts, who feel energized by time alone, shy people often
desperately want to connect with others, but don't know how or can't tolerate
the anxiety that comes with human interaction. This commonly occurs in new
situations or with unfamiliar people. Shyness can be a characteristic of people
who have low self-esteem. Stronger forms of shyness are usually referred to as
social anxiety or social phobia. The primary defining characteristic of shyness
is a largely ego-driven fear of what other people will think of a person's
behavior. This result in a person becoming scared of doing or saying what they
want to out of fear of negative reactions, being laughed at, humiliated or
patronised, criticism or rejection. A shy person may simply opt to avoid social
situations instead (Byun & colleagues, 2009).
One
important aspect of shyness is social skills development. Schools and parents
may implicitly assume children are fully capable of effective social
interaction. Social skills training is not given any priority (unlike reading
and writing) and as a result, shy students are not given an opportunity to
develop their ability to participate in class and interact with peers. Teachers
can model social skills and ask questions in a less direct and intimidating
manner in order to gently encourage shy students to speak up in class, and make
friends with other children (Byun & colleagues, 2009).
The initial cause of shyness varies.
Scientists believe that they have located genetic data supporting the
hypothesis that shyness is, at least, partially genetic. However, there is also
evidence that suggests the environment in which a person is raised can also be
responsible for their shyness. This includes child abuse, particularly
emotional abuse such as ridicule. Shyness can originate after a person has
experienced a physical anxiety reaction; at other times, shyness seems to
develop first and then later causes physical symptoms of anxiety. Shyness
differs from social anxiety, which is a broader, often depression -related
psychological condition including the experience of fear, apprehension or
worrying about being evaluated by others in social situations to the extent of
inducing panic. Shyness may come from genetic traits, the environment in which
a person is raised and personal experiences. Shyness may be a personality trait
or can occur at certain stages of development in children.
The term shyness may be implemented
as a lay blanket-term for a family of related and partially overlapping
afflictions, including timidity (apprehension in meeting new people),
bashfulness and diffidence (reluctance in asserting oneself), apprehension and
anticipation (general fear of potential interaction), or intimidation (relating
to the object of fear rather than one's low confidence), (Dictionary.reference,
2018).
Apparent shyness, as perceived by others, may
simply be the manifestation of reservation or introversion, character traits
which cause an individual to voluntarily avoid excessive social contact or be
terse in communication, but are not motivated or accompanied by discomfort,
apprehension, or lack of confidence. Rather, according to professor of
psychology Bernardo J. Carducci, introverts choose to avoid social situations
because they derive no reward from them or may find surplus sensory input
overwhelming, whereas shy people may fear such situations (Whitten, 2001). Research using the statistical techniques of
factor analysis and correlation has found shyness overlaps mildly with both
introversion and neuroticism (i.e., negative emotionality) (Crazier, 1979;
Heiser, Turner & Beidel 2003; Shiner & Caspi, 2003) Low societal
acceptance of shyness or introversion may reinforce a shy or introverted
individual's low self-confidence (Cain, 2012).
Both shyness and introversion can outwardly manifest with socially
withdrawn behaviors, such as tendencies to avoid social situations, especially
when they are unfamiliar. A variety of research suggests that shyness and
introversion possess clearly distinct motivational forces and lead to uniquely
different personal and peer reactions and therefore cannot be described as
theoretically the same, (Coplan, Rose-Krasnor, Weeks, Kingsbury, Kingsbury
& Bullock, 2012; Asendorpf & Meier 1993; Chen,Wang & Cao,
2011; Susan, 2012) further discerning
introversion as involving being differently social (preferring one-on-one or
small group interactions) rather than being anti -social altogether (Cornish,
2012).
Research
suggests that no unique physiological response, such as an increased heart-
beat, accompanies socially withdrawn behavior in familiar compared with
unfamiliar social situations. But unsociability leads to decreased exposure to
unfamiliar social situations and shyness causes a lack of response in such
situations, suggesting that shyness and unsociability affect two different
aspects of sociability and are distinct personality traits (Susan, 2012). In addition, different cultures perceive
unsociability and shyness in different ways, leading to either positive or
negative individual feelings of self-esteem. Collectivist cultures view shyness
as a more positive trait related to compliance with group ideals and self-control,
while perceiving chosen isolation (introverted behavior) negatively as a threat
to group harmony; and because collectivist society accepts shyness and rejects
unsociability, shy individuals develop higher self-esteem than introverted
individuals (Chen, Wang & Cao, 2011).
On the other hand, individualistic cultures perceive shyness as a
weakness and a character flaw, while unsociable personality traits (preference
to spend time alone) are accepted because they uphold the value of autonomy;
accordingly, shy individuals tend to develop low self-esteem in Western
cultures while unsociable individuals develop high self-esteem (Coplan,
Rose-Krasnor, Weeks, Kingsbury, Kingsbury & Bullock, 2012).
Those considered shy are also said to
be socially inhibited. Social inhibition is the conscious or unconscious
constraint by a person of behavior of a social nature. In other words, social
inhibition is holding back for social reasons. There are different levels of
social inhibition, from mild to severe. Being socially inhibited is good when
preventing one from harming another and bad when causing one to refrain from
participating in class discussions.
Behavioral
inhibition is a temperament or personality style that predisposes a person to
become fearful, distressed and withdrawn in novel situations. This personality
style is associated with the development of anxiety disorders in adulthood,
particularly social anxiety disorder (Ordoñez-Ortega, Espinosa-Fernandez,
Garcia-Lopez & Muela-Martinez, 2013).
So due to these assumptions undergraduate that are shy is predicted to
be a predictor of Internet addiction.
The concept
of Body dysmorphic disorder is a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder. An
individual with body dysmorphic disorder is overly preoccupied with what are
perceived as gross imperfections in their appearance and spends an hour or
more, every day, thinking about the way they look. In reality, the
imperfections are imagined or only slight and barely noticed by others, if at
all. The affected person may be obsessed with certain body parts, particularly
related to their face or head, or with their weight or body shape.
The symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder
often begin in the early teens or even childhood, and are all related to the person’s
appearance. They include constantly checking their look in the mirror,
excessive grooming, over-exercising, skin picking, or hair plucking—and
comparing themselves to others. In addition to an extreme obsession with their
looks, people with body dysmorphic disorder try to hide their perceived flaws
by holding their body in certain ways, covering up with make-up or clothing, or
somehow improving their imagined defects, sometimes with multiple plastic
surgeries or other cosmetic practices. Even when steps are taken to make
improvements, however, the person is still unhappy with their appearance. The
obsession, repetitive behavior, and constant covering up create stress for the
affected individual and can have a negative impact on daily functioning and quality
of life. Major depression is common in those with body dysmorphic disorder, as
are suicidal thoughts and behavior.
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder often have a history of child
abuse or neglect or other childhood trauma and may also have a parent or
sibling with an anxiety disorder. Research into a neurobiological connection is
still in early stages. Those with the condition may also have an anxiety
disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or social anxiety, a
personality disorder, or issues with substance abuse. Body dysmorphic disorder
is not an eating disorder, though both conditions exhibit similarly severe and
abnormal body image concerns and self-esteem issues. Men and women are equally
affected by this disorder. So due to the fact these people saw themselves
inappropriate this study would predict that internet may be the only place they
derived happiness and gain acceptance.
Many predictors of internet addiction
disorder are discovered by many researchers, however this research would be
considering if shyness and body dysmorphism has an influence on internet
addiction among undergraduates.
1.2
Statement of Problem
Over the
years, internet addiction has caused great threat to the society especially
among undergraduates. It results in personal, family, academic, financial, and
occupational problems that are characteristic of other addictions. Impairments
of real life relationships are disrupted as a result of excessive use of the
Internet. Studies conducted on the students show that internet addiction has
been accompanied by major problems such as the educational drop, reduced the
curriculum study, anxiety, reduced interpersonal relationships, reduced
physical activities, irregularity, and nutritional diseases (Maheri, Joveini,
Bahrami, Sadeghi, 2013, Sepehrian & Joka, 2011) Also it has been shown that
internet addiction may have serious consequences such as changing the lifestyle
in order to spend more time on the internet, ignoring the individual health and
main activities, reducing the social relationships, ignoring the family and
friends, and finally, financial, educational, and physical problems (Ahmadi,
Zadeh, Mohammadi, Masoum-beigi & Sohrabi, 2012).
1.3 Research
Questions
However, following this lime light
the following questions would be used to ascertain if shyness and body
dysmorphism have influence on internet addiction among undergraduates.
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