KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE AND SAFETY PRACTICE AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING MEDICAL IMAGING IN 3 SELECTED HOSPITALS IN THE F.C.T
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KNOWLEDGE
AND AWARENESS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE AND SAFETY PRACTICE AMONG PATIENTS
UNDERGOING MEDICAL IMAGING IN 3 SELECTED HOSPITALS IN THE F.C.T
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The use
X-rays in imaging modalities such as Computed Tomography (CT scans) and
mammography to diagnose injury and illness is on the increase in modern
medicine. The biological effects of ionizing radiations are of concern here as
evidence shows that medical uses of radiations have harmful effects (Hendee and
Edwards, 1996). According to the neuroradiologist Mark Pfleger
(http://healthyoutlook.dephealth.com, 2011) patients and the community need to
understand the safe use of radiation, and to become more active participants in
their own healthcare. Quinn et al. (1997), Bushberg et al. (2003) and Kiguli-Malwandde
et al. (2006) report that radiographers and clientele are not very awareness of
radiation doses, and that there is a lack of communication between
radiographers and patients relating to radiation and its possible effects.
X-ray utilization in human medicine leads to exposure of the patient and the
radiographer. Although the radiation dose is low in diagnostic examinations,
attention is usually given in order to minimize unnecessary exposure for
members of the public and occupational workers. Exposure to ionizing radiation
cannot be avoided in medical imaging facilities. Radiation exposure over a long
period of time (years) produces stochastic effects (NCRPM, 1980). There is no
threshold level of radiation exposure below which it could be said with
certainty that cancer or genetic effects will not occur. Doubling the radiation
dose doubles the probability that a cancer or genetic effect would occur
(Kondo, 1993). The steps needed to prevent accidental exposures to any part of
the body include adequate training of personnel, enlightenment of non-radiation
workers in the vicinity of radiation sources (Belyakov et al., 2001),
monitoring and control of radiation exposures, putting up warning signs, and
proper disposal of radioactive. Radiation protection is the science and art of
protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing
radiation. It is also described as all activities directed towards minimizing
radiation exposure of patients and personnel during x-ray exposure. In developing
nations , more recent studies show that about 3.6 billion imaging studies per
year are carried out world-wide, leading to an increase of 70% in worldwide
collective effective dose for medical diagnostic procedures. More concern has
recently been appeared in recent studies that the knowledge of referring
doctors about radiation doses incurred during diagnostic radiological
procedures is deficient. Such information may be of particular relevance when
the expansion of imaging technology is considered. All radiology field workers
require appropriate monitoring, as well as protection tools and equipment. They
must also receive education and training appropriate to their jobs. The level
of training should be based on the level of risk. The International Commission
on Radiological Protection (ICRP) assumes the responsibility of providing
guidance in matters of radiation safety. The ICRP has given the recommendations
for the system of radiological protection in its ICRP Publication No, 60 (1990)
which is based on the following general principles: No practice involving
exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces a sufficient
benefit to the exposed individual or to society and in relation to any
particular source within a practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the
number of people exposed and the likelihood of incurring exposures where these
are not certain to be received should be kept as low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA). The European Commission has addressed the importance of training in
radiological protection (RP), publishing a guideline with specific
recommendations for accreditation of training programs for interventional
procedures. Medical use of radiation may exceed natural background as a source
of population exposure. In countries with advanced health care systems, the
annual number of radiological diagnostic procedures approaches or exceeds one
for every member of the population
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This
meta-analysis aims to analyze worldwide factors significantly affecting
radiographers’ compliance with the Radiation Protection (RP) to reduce
radiation effects on hospitals in worldwide setting. RP requires compliance of
radiographers because the radiographer plays a central role, as she/he cares
for the patient before, during and after the radiographic examination and/or
radiological intervention Andersson, et al. Radiographer is the key person
involved in radiation exposure. Radiographers need to be more aware of their
roles in ensuring total compliance to standard radiation safety in their
institution. Compliance levels should be higher to protect the technologist and
patient. It is in view of this that the researcher intends to investigate the
knowledge and awareness of radiation exposure and safety practice among
patients undergoing medical imaging in selected hospitals in F.C.T, Abuja.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The
knowledge and awareness of Radiation exposure and safety practice among
patients undergoing medical imaging in selected hospitals. Radiation exposure
over a long period of time (years) produces stochastic effects. There is no
threshold level of radiation exposure below which it could be said with
certainty that cancer or genetic effects will not occur. Doubling the radiation
dose doubles the probability that a cancer or genetic effect would occur.
As part of
my requirement for the award of bachelor degree in science (B.SC), this study
is carried out to investigate the knowledge and awareness of radiation exposure
and safety practice among patients undergoing medical imaging in selected
hospitals.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of this study is to investigate the knowledge and awareness level of
radiation and exposure and safety practice among patients undergoing medical
imaging in selected hospital in Abuja. The researcher intend to investigate the
effect of radiation exposure on the health of the patients
The specific
objectives of this study are;
i) To ascertain the impact of radiation
exposure on the well-being of the patients
ii) To investigate the awareness level
of the radiographer in treating the side effect of radiation exposure in the
patient.
iii) To investigate the knowledge of
radiographer in treatingunpleasant side effects of radiation, such as overall
fatigue, skin irritation
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the
completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated;
H0:radiation
exposure does not have any impact on the well-being of the patients
H1:radiation
exposure does have a significant impact on the well-being of the patients
H02: there
is no side effect of radiation exposure on the health of the patients
H2: there is
no side effect of radiation exposure on the health of the patients
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study covers knowledge and awareness level of radiation exposure and
safety practice among patients undergoing medical imaging in three selected
hospital in Abuja metropolis.
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