INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY AND RISK PERCEPTION ON HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
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INFLUENCE OF
EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY AND RISK PERCEPTION ON HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE
AMONG HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
ABSTRACT
The study
investigated the influence of emotional reactivity and risk perception on
health related quality of life among hypertensive patients. Two hundred and
twenty-six (226) hypertensive patients. 124 of the patients were males while
102 were females. The participant’s ages ranges from 26 to 72 years and their
mean age to be 59.36 years. A cross sectional design was adopted for the study.
Instruments used in the study were: Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale (PERS)
developed by Beccerra and Camptelli (2013), A Domain – specific Risk Attitude
Scale developed by Weber, Blaiz and Betz (2002) and SF-36 Health Related
Quality of Life Questionnaire developed by Babbie (2002). A two way Analyses of
Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The result showed that there is
a significant influence of risk perception on Health related quality of life
among hypertensive patients [F (1, 640) = 20.66, p < .05]. The result also revealed that there is a
significant influence of Emotional Reactivity on Health related quality of life
among hypertensive patients [F (1, 226) = 33.19, p < .05]. The result also
revealed that there is no interaction influence between emotional reactivity
and risk perception on Health related quality of life among hypertensive
patients. It was therefore concluded that emotional reactivity and risk
perceptionare factors that can influence Health related quality of life among
hypertensive patients. Implications and recommendations for future study were
made.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background of the Study
The benefits
of good health can never be over-emphasized as its importance is evident not
only in the life of the individual but to the family unit and the larger
society. This accounts therefore, for the reason behind the numerous research
on health and the various factors affecting it such as; lifestyle, environment,
genetics, nutrition and even diseases. The World Health Organization (2013)
defined human health in a broader sense as a state of physical, social and
mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. More
recently, Alan (2017), defined health as the experience of physical and
psychological well being
Quality of life (QOL) on the other
hand is a broad multi-dimensional concept that usually includes subjective of
both positive and negative aspects of life. Although health is one of the
important aspects of Quality of Life, there are other notable aspects such as
jobs, housing, neighborhood, etc. The concept of Quality of Life refers to the
degree to which one enjoys in the area of being (who one is physical,
psychological and spiritual being) belonging (connections with one’s
environment; physical belonging, social belonging, community belonging) and
becoming (achieving personal goals, hopes and aspirations; practical becoming,
leisure becoming, growth becoming) the important possibilities of his or her
life (Centre for Health Promotion, 2004). One of the central components in the
area of being, belonging and becoming is one’s perception of his or her own health.
Thus, the importance of shedding more light on the concept of Health Related
Quality of Life (HRQOL).
The concept
of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its determinants have evolved
since the 1980s to encompass those aspects of overall quality of life that can
be clearly shown to affect health—either physical or mental (Centre for Disease
Control, 2000; McHourney,1999; Gandek, Sinclair, Kosinski& Ware, 2004).
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been identified as a goal for all
people across all life stages by leading health organizations (Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2000; World Health Organization, 2007). HRQOL,
that is, quality of life relative to one’s health or disease status, is a
concern of policymakers, researchers, and health care practitioners (Till,
Osoba, Pater & Young, 2000). Especially important is the need to align
HRQOL research priorities with the needs and values of patients and their
families.
Health Related Quality of Life
(HRQOL) therefore, is a multi-dimensional concept that includes domains related
to physical, mental, emotional and social functioning. It goes beyond direct
measures of population health, life expectancies and causes of death. It
focuses on the impact health status has on quality of life (Healthy people,
2002). On the basis of a synthesis of the scientific literature and advice from
its public health partners, Centre for Disease Control (2000) has defined HRQOL
as “an individual’s or group’s perceived physical and mental health over time.
Health-related quality of life" (HRQL), according to American Thoraic
Association, (2003) is an individual's satisfaction or happiness with domains
of life, so far as they affect or are affected by "health". Hence,
HRQOL can be distinguished from quality of life in that it concerns itself
primarily with those factors that fall under the purview of health care
providers and health care-systems, (Wilson & Cleary, 1995). Health related
quality of life has been associated with chronic health disorders such as
cancer, hypertension, etc. In this study, the concept of health related quality
of life will be investigated among hypertensive patients.
Generally
speaking, then, assessment of HRQL represents an attempt to determine how
variables within the dimension of health (e.g., a disease or its treatment)
relate to particular dimensions of life that have been determined to be
important to people in general (generic HRQL) or to people who have a specific
disease (condition-specific HRQL). Most conceptualizations of HRQL emphasize
the effects of disease on physical, social/role, psychological/emotional, and
cognitive functioning. Symptoms, health perceptions, and overall quality of
life are often included in the concept domain of HRQOL (Ware, 1995).
Individuals’
HRQOL offers a multidimensional perspective of their physical, psychological,
and social function, (Ware, 1995). For that reason, HRQOL has gained ground as
a primary measure of the impact of disease, (Wilson & Cleary, 1995; Ware,
1995). In addition, it can often be used more easily than clinical parameters
as a health-related index helping healthcare workers to understand patients’
needs and provide them with quality health services. HRQOL in populations with
cancer, stroke, CVD, and other chronic diseases has been studied extensively
using different methods in recent years. However, previous studies had
limitations with respect to identifying features according to disease and
generalizing results, because the study subjects were typically compared with
healthy subject groups and the studies were not designed as randomized
controlled trials. Healthcare teams need to provide intensive and focused
programs for people with any of the above-mentioned diseases. Thus, the primary
aim of this study was to investigate the health conditions of
community-dwelling populations with cancer, stroke, and CVD based on
standardized data. The second aim was to identify the difference. In this
study, the concept of health related quality of life will be studied among hypertensive
patients.
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