ATTENTION:
BEFORE
YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE
INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN
GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
INFLUENCE OF
STREET HAWKING AND PHYSICAL ABUSE
ABSTRACT
Benue State
Government should enact laws restricting parents from encouraging their
children to participate in street trading and child labour in the state. Based
on this finding, conclusion drawn and recommendation was made that the F =
17.91(df = 1, 198; P< .05), R2 = 0.80.., treet hawking and physical abuse
have a significant joint influence on students’ academic performance in Makurdi
LGA of Benue State, R2 = 0.83F = 13.89(df = 1, 198; P< .05), and that s,
physical abuse has a significant influence on students’ dropout rates in
Makurdi, that F = 9.93(df = 1, 198; P< .05), R2 = 0.50, treet hawking has a
significant influence on students’ academic performance in Makurdi. The study
adopted descriptive research design as 250 participants were randomly selected
using simple random sampling technique on senior secondary school students in
Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. The result supported some of the
hypothesis stated; that sinfluence of street hawking and physical abuse on
academic performance of secondary school students in Makurdi Local Government
Area (LGA) of Benue StateThe study was designed to examine
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Education remains a potent and
dynamic instrument for national development and social transformation and also
a tool in measuring development index globally. It is in recognition of this
importance that governments all over the world have made commitments for its
citizens to have access to education. Since it remains the only tool through
which any nation can grow and develop technically and overcome poverty and
other factors associated with under-development.
Learning is an important activity which
humans engage in. For children to perform in class, they must learn otherwise
teaching will be an effort in futility. It is in this light, that Zimmerman and
Schunk (2001) revealed by using the three types of learning; behaviourist,
cognitive and social learning theories to explain how children are taught and
how learning is expected to take place. They conclude that abused children
therefore do not learn effectively hence they often record poor academic performance
in school.
Academic performance as a fundamental
objective of educational system has become a source of concern to researchers,
especially as the academic performance of the students is declining. Academic
performance is defined or regarded as participants’ examination grades at the
end of a given duration (term, semester, programme). It could also be seen as
the level of performance in a particular field of study (Egbule, 2004:34).
Similarly, Ricarda (2014) posited that academic performance represents
achievement outcome that indicates the extent to which a student has
accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional
environments, specifically in school, college and university.
Children that have been victimized by
one or more form(s) of physical abuse exhibit some behaviours different from
other children in school with attendant effects on their academic performance.
Shonk and Cicchetti (2001) revealed that physical abuse generally delays
students’ progress academically, because there is always lack of trust in
people because they have been disappointed and abused by those that ought to be
source of joy, trust, defense and security to them, they believe nowhere is
safe and nobody is to be trusted. This leads to changes in behaviour such as
emotional pain, physical pain, withdrawal from opposite sex, poor social
relationship, anxiety, mental stress, depression, difficulty in socializing,
sadness, hooliganism, thuggery, rebellious, malnourishment, anger, scars on
body parts, addictions, sexual difficulties, unhealthy appearance and clothing.
These traits lead to poor academic performance by the child as concentration
becomes a problem.
Street hawking is a form of selling
goods along the road from one place to the other. It also extends to activities
that includes but not restricted to canvassing for patronage of goods and sale
of items carried by a hawker along the street, from house to house or in the
public space (Ikechukwu Joe, 2008).
The phenomenon of children street
hawking or vending in developing cities and towns is attracting a rising
interest amongst researchers (Olutunde, 2013; Ugochukwu, Okeke, Onubogu and
Edokwe 2012), due to the various health, social, and economic implications for
the children who engage in such activities. Developing cities and towns are
faced with exponential growth giving rise to rural-urban drift in search of a
better means of livelihood (Hoyamo and Keenan, 2007). This in addition,
encroaches on the limited resources available in these cities.
Street hawking irrespective of who
(age and sex) engages in it, is associated with many hazards. This includes
sexual assault which increases the vulnerability of the hawkers to diseases
such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, increased risk of
unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion, physical assaults, mobbing, involvement
in road highway accidents, kidnapping and ritual killings (Lee, 2004; Lu,
2011). Street hawking leads to increased exposure to antisocial activities like
smoking, drug and alcohol abuse, cultism and crime. When children are involved,
in addition to above listed risks, they are deprived of education, bad habits
evolved and are denied of good sound health and these constitute child abuse
(Ugochukwu et al., 2012; Amoo, Ola-David, Ogunrinola and Fadayomi, 2012;
Ekpenyong and Nkereuwuem, 2011).
The emergence of child hawking in
Nigeria appears to have started with the introduction of an International
Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Plan (IMFSA) in the late 1980s, which led
to the devaluation of the currency, a withdrawal of subsidies on items such as
fuel, water, and electricity, and job cuts (Olori, 2009). As a result of this
many parents who could no longer afford school fees for their children withdraw
them from the education system. In an effort to help families make ends meet,
some of these children were engaged as car washers and bus conductors, and
street hawkers.
Children they say are the future of
any nation, therefore there is the need to take appropriate care of children.
Recently, children all over the world are receiving special focus on the
improvement of their welfare by UNICEF. The federal and state governments have
created ministry of women affairs to make policies that will improve the
welfare of children. In spite of all these efforts, most families are
increasingly not showing any encouraging attitude in the area of proper
up-bringing of children. As many children are seen physically abused and
hawking in major streets, highways, markets, lanes, buses and from houses to
houses in major cities and towns in Nigeria in order to contribute financially
to their own up-keep and that of their families.
In Makurdi Local Government of Benue
State, children are gradually taking over mobile street trading, hawking in
commercial buses, and at long traffic hold-ups. Reasons observed by different
scholars for the upsurge in this drift are that parents’ economic status cannot
sustain the children in school, that the parents spend their paltry earnings on
food and transport. So, the parents resort to sending their children to sell
and beg without any consideration of the possible effect of such activities on
their children’s academic performance as students(Shailong, Onuk and Beshil,
2011).
Physical abuse in Makurdi Local
Government of Benue State has become a major health issue among children. This
phenomenon is not only having immediate affects but also has a long term consequences
and it costs extreme burden on any society for prevention, treatment, develop
policies and programs (Norman, Byambaa,
Butchart and Scott , 2012).
According to the WHO (2006) physical abuse is defined as “the intentional use
of physical force against a child that results in – or has a high likelihood of
resulting in – harm for the child’s health, survival, development or dignity.
This includes hitting, beating, kicking, shaking, biting, strangling, scalding,
burning, poisoning and suffocating”. Therefore this study seeks to find out the
influence of street hawking and physical abuse on academic performance of
secondary school students in Makurdi Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue
State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
No doubt one of the fundamental end
objectives of the secondary school education system in Benue State is to
produce high academic excellence among students. Thus, the ministry of
education, schools, principals, teachers, counsellors, parents and even
students in Makurdi Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State all lay credence
to the need to attain great academic success.
Observations however, showed that
high academic achievement has become a herculean task to accomplish by
secondary school students in Makurdi. Poor academic performance have become a
norm as they are reported yearly both at the junior and senior secondary school
WASSCE levels.
This problem is not limited to
secondary school education system nor to Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue
State alone, as the academic performance of students at all levels in
educational institutions in Nigeria has attracted much criticisms from all and
sundry from time immemorial. The decline in the academic performance of
students in Nigerian Universities had been observed by Soyinka (1999), when he
submitted that the University system in Nigeria needed restructuring. He went
further to say that academic standard had fallen drastically and the quality of
graduates being produced by the nation’s universities is questionable and
subject to re-examination. Hence, poor academic performance of students has
been of great concern to educationists, guidance and counsellors.
Despite, calls and policies mounted
in schools to improve students’ academic performances, the problem of poor
academic achievement among secondary school students in Makurdi remains
lingering.
Consequent upon the observed under
academic achievement, and the clarion objectives of senior secondary school
education, one wonders if the high rate of failure, poor academic performance
by students in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State is not a reflection
of the prevalence of street hawking and physical abuse suffered by many
students in the area. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to find
out the influence of street hawking and physical abuse on academic performance
of secondary school students in Makurdi Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue
State.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The general aim of this study is to
examine the influence of street hawking and physical abuse on academic
performance of secondary school students in Makurdi. The specific objectives
are:
a. To investigate the influence of street
hawking on students’ academic performance in Makurdi.
b. To explore the influence of physical abuse
on students’ educational outcomes in Makurdi.
c. To assess the joint influence of street
hawking and physical abuse on academic performance of secondary school students
in Makurdi LGA of Benue State.
1.4 Research Questions
This will be
guided by the following research questions:
a. What is the influence of street hawking on
students’ academic performance in Makurdi?
b. To what extent does physical abuse influence
students’ educational outcomes in Makurdi?
c. What are the joint influences of street
hawking and physical abuse on academic performance of secondary school students
in Makurdi LGA of Benue State?
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you
will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank
Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE
Comments
Post a Comment