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ARTHRITIS
AND THE HEALTH OF THE AGED
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Arthritis is
a disease that affects the Joints. It is usually associated with ageing.
Arthritis according to Ebong, (2009) is a chronic degenerative condition of the
joint. The disease causes extreme joint pains and inflammation of the joint,
thus, limiting movement. Although arthritis is more common in old age, it can
affect all humans irrespective of age (Medilexican int’l 2004-15 update)
According to
Pfizer (2014) the word arthritis is derived from the Greek words: “arthrons”,
meaning a joint and – “itis”, meaning inflammation. Inflammation typically
involves redness, heat, swelling and tenderness. Arthritis is not a single
disease with a single cause. There are several types of arthritis. A further
explanation on arthritis by Peters (2009) asserts that, there are more than 100
types of arthritis. It’s a condition that affects more than 46 Million United
State adults, and the number that is expected to increase to 67 Million adults
by the year 2030.
Most types
of arthritis are caused by a combination of several factors working together.
These include the genetic make-up, a previous injury, a physically demanding
job especially one with repetitive movement, obesity that places extra weight
on the joint and severe blow or strain. Ebony (2013) stated that arthritis is
the most important cause of disability, resulting from autoimmune diseases.
Micro-organism such as bacterial or viral infection invasion at the knee and
ankle often times triggers the inflammation.
Arthritis
are of various types namely; osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout
arthritis and juvenile arthritis. This study discusses three common types
namely: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid, and gout arthritis. Diagnostic techniques
include history taking, physical examination and observation of the joint to
establish swelling, stiffness and limitation of movement. There are no known
treatments for most types of arthritis. Thus management of arthritis includes
physical and occupational therapy. Exercise and consumption of nourishing foods
helps in the prevention and relief of joint pains. Other forms of care include
the use of heat in the form of wax bath. Therapeutic management is mainly for
the relief of pains.
Following
the United States report in 2014 by Pfizer recording high number of adult with arthritis
and a future generation doubling the figure, it becomes necessary to research
into few types of arthritis commonly found in Ikot Effiong Nta Community,
Calabar Municipality with a view of offering solution to this occurrence.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research has shown that arthritis and
musculoskeletal conditions are contributors to illness, pain and disability and
highly prevalent, they place a significant burden on the community. It accounts
for a large number of deaths among adults especially the ageing or those whose
lifestyle is sedentary.
Despite the
effort made by relevant professionals like Rheumatologists, Nutritionist
occupational therapists and other physicians to curb the occurrence of
arthritis, higher incidence of arthritis is still observed. It becomes
pertinent to ask if arthritis is obviously not avoidable or controllable. The
high incidence of arthritis can be related to poor knowledge of the value of
exercise or inadequate nutrition?
Arthritis
can deform adults and impede movement due to severe pains and swollen joints.
Based on the high incidence and effect of arthritis, the researcher intends to
examine arthritis and the health of the aged in Ikot Effiong Nta, Calabar
Municipal Area of Cross River State in order to advance solutions to prevent
its occurrence.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the study is
to describe arthritis and the health of the aged in Ikot Effiong Nta, Calabar
Municipal Area of Cross River State.
The specific
objectives will be:
To identify
osteoarthritis and the health of the aged.
To examine
rheumatoid arthritis and the health of the aged.
To discuss
gout arthritis and the health of the aged.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work
will be of immense importance to the aged, government/non-governmental agencies
and other researchers.
To the aged,
findings of this study will help identify the causes and effect of arthritis on
health and seek immediate attention towards preventing it occurrence.
The research
findings will assist Government and Non-governmental agencies in providing
facilities such as recreational centers, medical aids to ameliorate
disabilities and mortalities due to arthritis.
Finally,
findings of this work will also serve as a bed-rock (framework) for further
studies by being a handy and standard reference material.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How does
osteoarthritis affect the health of the aged in Ikot Effiong Nta?
To what
extent does rheumatoid arthritis affect the health of the aged in Ikot Effiong
Nta?
How does
gout arthritis affect the heath of the aged in Ikot Effiong Nta?
1.7 DELIMITATION (SCOPE OF THE STUDY)
This study is limited in scope to
arthritis and the health of the aged in Ikot Effiong Nta Community, Calabar
Municipal Area of Cross River State. It is also confined to common types of
arthritis which are adopted as sub-variables for this work as follows:
Osteoarthritis
and the health of the aged.
Rheumatoid
arthritis and the health of the aged.
Gout
arthritis and the health of the aged.
1.8 LIMITATIONS
The research was limited by the
following challenges namely inadequate time. Secondly the respondents were
unwilling to provide responses that would ease the study. Lastly, financial
constraint made the production of questionnaire and coverage of a wider area of
study impossible.
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Arthritis: –
is an inflammation of one or more joint.
Adults: –
persons who are fully grown and developed.
Effect: – is
the result of an action or cause.
Disabilities:
– a physical or mental condition that limit a person’s movement, senses or
activities.
Disease: –
is a definite pathological process having a characteristics set of sign and
symptoms.
Health: – is
the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Inflammation:
– a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues,
which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off both the injurious agent and the
injured tissue.
Rheumatism:
any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous
tissue, especially rheumatoid arthritis.
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including:
Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles.
Obesity is a
condition where a person has accumulated so much body fat that it might have a
negative effect on their health.
Therapy:
This is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a
diagnosis. In the medical field, it is usually synonymous with treatment
Occupationaltherapy:
is the use of assessment and treatment to develop, recover, or maintain the
daily living and work skills of people with a physical, mental, or cognitive
disorder.
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