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The
Implications of Air Pollution on Human Health
CHAPTER ONE
Environment
is an important resource that provides livelihood and comfort to man. From the
creation, environment remains indispensable to the existence and continuity of
lives be it aquatic or terrestrial. This holds true because of the fact that,
every living organism breath, eat, engage into some form of recreation and
generally, survive through adaptation to the environmental conditions. That is
why, paying special attention to environment becomes indispensable, because
without it life becomes unbearable.
The
environmental degradation occasioned by the socio-economic and industrial
activities of man caused great concern to all. Prior to 18th century, cases of
environmental problems were scarcely or seldomly featured in the world
political, social and economic discourse. This was because, human activities
were limited to trade and commerce, agriculture with simply technology. The
world then hard rarely made use of combustible steam engine for human survival
although it may have been on the experimental stage but it was not at the scale
after industrial revolution of 18th century. Thus, the live was simple, no
pollution and man was not exposed to danger apart from war of conquest and
minor diseases.
The period
of industrial revolution in the 18th century brought a new face of survival and
socio-economic challenges. This is the period where human existence was
beginning to completely tied to machine. The function and utilization capacity
of machines necessitated the invention of turbine which became inevitable to
the survival evolution of man. This indeed marked the beginning of
environmental pollution, with serious consequence on human health.
In this era
of man’s civilization, virtually every aspect of human comfort was closely knit
to steam engine (turbine) and they include: electricity generation, production,
exploration of natural resources, agriculture, commerce and transportation etc.
The
pollution caused by industrial revolution in the world, particularly air
constitute threat to live as carbon iv oxide Co2, Carbon ii oxide Co etc,
discharge into atmosphere impose negative effect to lungs and respiratory
tract. The incomplete combustion of gas in either automobile or internal
combustion of steam engine caused some forms of diseases such as brain damages
and headache – globally.
However, in
Nigeria, cases of environmental degradation as a result of human activities are
featuring prominently in Niger Delta region and cities like Lagos and Port
Harcourt. Here, pollution of various forms become parts of the people’s life in
the course of oil exploration. It is not uncommon to hear and experience devastating
environmental pollution caused by gas flaring. A lot of lives, properties etc,
have been damaged by air pollution.
Combustion
from automobile have equally added burden on human health and often time,
people fall sick on the account of fumes.
In Akwa Ibom
State, indeed Uyo urban which is the Central Business District (CBD), there are
cases of environmental pollution caused by human activities. The epileptic
power supply continue to sustain this problem virtually every house, church,
school, office and business premise in our neighbourhood makes use of one
electrical generating set or the other. Although other sources like refuse and
poor waste management had been known to have constituted air pollution,
however, those of the automobile and internal combustion of steam engine like
electrical generating sets pump a larger percentage of poisonous fumes into air
and as such remain the main factor or sources of pollution.
The toxic
fumes pump into air have been known to have brought some forms of health hazard
to the people. Thus, as a result, it has affected the physical, psychological
and physiological disposition of the good people of Uyo.
Therefore,
it was in recognition of this environmental problem, that affect Uyo
Metropolis, that this research is conducted to finds ways of ameliorating the
problem. Thus, the study would to a holistic approach in investigating means of
curbing the effect of air pollution on human health and make appropriate
recommendations for a way forward.
Health, it
is said is wealth, and without it the earth remain empty. Our environment must
be friendly if we must have good health. Good health although promoted by
nutrition, physical exercises etc, can hardly be attainable if, environmental
problems like air pollution is not addressed. The environmental degradation
occasioned by fumes from industrial, commercial, domestic and transportation activities
affect health tremendously. For instance, carbon iv oxide is known to have
negative effect on ozone layer and consequently cause severe heat to human
being.
However, air
pollution following human activities in Uyo constitutes a source of ailment to
humanity. This is because carbon monoxide when released to air or inhaled can
combine readily with hemoglobin and posed a threat to human health. Sometimes,
in high concentrations, it (carbon monoxide) causes dizziness, headache,
nausea, tiredness, and even brain damage when inhaled for a long period.
lnfact, the alarming rate of health problems and issues in the society are to a
large extent traceable to environmental health hazard mostly air pollution.
Moreover,
preliminary diseases like lose of vision, abdominal pain itching and even
cancer are caused by fuel gases. Therefore, it is as a result of the above
mentioned problems, that this study is critically investigates the implication
of continued air pollution on human health.
1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following are the research questions for the study:
Does air
pollution the cause of poor health status of the people?
To what
extent do fumes contribute to the environmental health problems.
1.4 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
Air
pollution is a serious environmental health hazard to a considerable number of
people. This is because an autopsy of people who have died in their air
polluted cities shows dark lungs and alveoli containing numerous particles.
Therefore, this research intends to investigate and find out the health
implication of air pollution and how it can be controlled. The main aim is to
find out how the problem of air pollution can be tackled. Others include
objectives:
1. To
identify major sources of air pollution in Uyo.
2. To
identify types of air pollution in Uyo
3. To
measure the concentration of such pollutants in the air of Uyo.
4. To
measure the health effects of these pollutants in Uyo.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is
crucial to the environmental degradation control, particularly air pollution.
The researcher would make sure that the outcome emanating from the study go
along way to helping solve environmental health problem in Nigeria.
Beside,
students from urban and Regional Planning and other related discipline would
see the work invaluable for further study. Again, the researcher would ensure
that findings from the study broaden the scope of the field (Urban and Regional
Planning).
1.6 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
Uyo is a
capital of geographical entity called Akwa Ibom State. Because of its status,
it has attracted attention from all sections of the state and swelled the city
with various economic activities. Here we have services, commercial, industrial
and transportation activities. These activities however, cause pollution.
As witnessed
daily, services, transportation, religious and domestic activities promote air
pollution because of intensive use of electrical sets. The fumes emanated from
the usage of the electrical generating plant contained poisonous gases which
are dangerous to health. Therefore, it is as a result of negative effects of
fumes to the health of Uyo residence that this research investigates the health
implication of the air pollution. The study would only be focused to health
related problems associated with air pollution in Nigeria, with Uyo being the
case study.
In this
study, one hypothesis guided by research questions would be tested. This is:
HO: There is
no significant relationship between the pollutants concentration in the air and
the health status of the people.
HI: There is
significant relationship between the pollutants concentration in the air and
the health status of the people.
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