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THE EFFECT
OF APPRENTICESHIP ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTISANS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
contribution of apprenticeship to jobs and skills has long been appreciated by
countries eager to promote growth and ease the transition from full-time
education to work for young people. Both France and England have around 5 per
cent of 16-24 year olds in apprenticeship and have made strenuous efforts to
expand numbers (Cilpepper&Thelen, 2008). Currently, however, places offered
by employers are not sufficient to meet the huge demand from young people or to
have much impact on youth unemployment in these countries – the unemployment
rate is currently around 20 per cent for 15-24 year olds in both countries and
higher still in European countries without apprenticeship provision (Steedman,
2011)
While a
positive relationship between apprenticeship and low youth unemployment can be
observed over time, it would be misguided to see apprenticeship primarily as a
‘cure’ for high youth unemployment. Apprenticeship is first and foremost about
skill development to the benefit of companies, their employees and the wider
economy. Apprenticeship can accommodate a wide range of abilities and aptitudes
because it accurately reflects the equally wide range of skills required in a
modern economy (Bosch & Charest, 2008). However, it is not a sufficient
solution to improving the labour market transition of young people with poor
school achievements or other disadvantages.
The
expression apprenticeship means any system by which an employer undertakes by
contract to employ a young person and to train him [or her] or have him [or
her] trained systematically for a trade for a period the duration of which has
been fixed in advance and in the course of which the apprentice is bound to
work in the employer’s service (Steedman& Ryan, 1998). This process of
training has led to the development of the bulk of the artisan. Systematic
long-term training for a recognized occupation taking place substantially
within an undertaking or under an independent craftsman should be governed by a
written contract of apprenticeship and be subject to established standards.
Apprenticeship
training is taken to denote training programmes that combine vocational
education with work-based learning for an intermediate occupational skill
(i.e., more than routinised job training), and that are subject to externally
imposed training standards, particularly for their workplace component
(Steedman, 2011).
Apprenticeship
in the informal economy is a widespread phenomenon, including in G20 countries.
In order to pass on skills from one generation to the next, poor societies have
developed informal apprenticeship systems that are purely workplace-based. A
young apprentice learns by way of observation and imitation from an experienced
master craftsperson, acquires the skills of the trade and is inducted into the
culture and networks of the business (Streeck, 1987). Apprenticeship agreements
are mostly oral, yet they are embedded in the society’s customs, norms and
traditions. Countries in mediaeval Europe developed strong apprenticeship systems
regulated by crafts associations, the guilds (Streeck, 1987). Today, informal
apprenticeship is an extensive training system in countries with large informal
economies all over the world including Nigeria. Variations in terms of
practices are wide, yet the basic feature remains the same: the training
agreement between a young learner and an experienced craftsperson to transmit
the skills of a trade. Most of the learners becomes the normal artisan upon
completion of training. There have been a lot of doubts in the performance of
several artisans in Nigeria. Despite the system’s strength of providing skills
relevant to Artisans, informal apprenticeship has a number of weaknesses. Long
working hours, unsafe working conditions, low or no allowances or wages, little
or no social protection in case of illness or accident, andstrong gender
imbalances are among the decent work deficits often found in an apprenticeship
which is believed to have significant effect on the performance of the
artisans.
On the one
hand, upgrading informal apprenticeship is considered important to address
these weaknesses. On the other hand, compared to investing in expanding formal
technical education and training, it is a cost-effective way to invest in a
country’s skills base and enhance employability of youth, since training is
integrated into the production process.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Performance
of artisans upon completion of apprenticeship training is the most fundamental
requirement of a successful apprenticeship training system.
Thus
apprenticeship training provides firms with young employees (artisans) who have
mastered the skill set necessary for a given role within the firm. In addition,
the apprentice has acquired knowledge and transferable skills. He/she has
absorbed the culture of the firm and an appreciation of its organization and
operation by the virtue of the training received. However, the researcher is
examining the effect of apprenticeship training on the performance of artisans.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
following are the objectives of this study:
To examine
the effect of apprenticeship training on the performance of artisans.
To examine
the process and organization of apprenticeship training.
To identify
the factors limiting the performance of artisans.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
What is the
effect of apprenticeship training on the performance of artisans?
What is the
process and organization of apprenticeship training?
What are the
factors limiting the performance of artisans?
1.5
HYPOTHESIS
HO: There is
no significant relationship between apprenticeship training and the performance
of artisans
HA: There is
significant relationship between apprenticeship training and the performance of
artisans
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
following are the significance of this study:
The outcome
of this study will be a useful guide for the government of Nigeria, policy
makers and the general public on the benefit of apprenticeship training and its
impact on the performance of artisans.
This
research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers
interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if
applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic
1.7
SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study
on the effect of apprenticeship training on the performance of artisans will
cover how the apprenticeship programme is organized and managed and its effect
on the performance of artisans.
LIMITATION
OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
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