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Perception
of Married Women on Family Programmes in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo
State
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
When Western
and Scientific Medicine was born and began to develop under the gleams of
Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC), one of its major point was to remove abortion and
infanticide (Edelstein, 1943). The Hippocratic oath thus solemnly condemned
them as unethical. Before Hippocrates, family planning has been in practice
(Wikipedia, 2010). In the historical record of the Jews, Onan, son of Judah, in
fulfillment of the laws of leverate marriage was to impregnate his brother Er’s
widow, Tamar, in order to raise offspring from the union in his brother’s name
(Genesis38:8). In order to avoid raising descendant for his late brother
however, Onan spilled his semen on the ground when he went into his brother’s
wife, so that he would not give offspring to his brother (Genesis 38:9-10).
Thus, the word Onanism was coined meaning ejaculating outside the vagina or
coitus interuptus (Wikipedia, 2010). Among Christian denominations today, there
are large variety of positions towards family planning. The Roman Catholic has
disallowed artificial contraception for as far back as one can historically
trace. It was also disallowed by non-Catholic Christians until 1930 when the
Anglican communion changed its policy. Soon after, most protestant groups came
to accept the use of modern contraceptive as a matter of biblically allowable
freedom of conscience (Flann, 1960). The only form of birth control permitted
by the Roman Catholic is abstinence. Modern scientific methods of “periodic
abstinence” such as Natural Family Planning (NFP) were counted as a form of
abstinence by Pope Paul VI in his 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae (Humanae Vita
1968). Meanwhile, protestant movements such as Focus on the Family view
contraception use outside of marriage as encouragement to promiscuity
(Abstinence policy, 2005).
There is no
ban on birth control in Hinduism (“BBC – Hindu beliefs about contraception”).
Some Hindus believe that producing more children than the environment can
support goes against the doctrine of the religious and moral codes of Hindus. Although
fertility is important, according to the Hindus, but conceiving more children
than can be supported is treated as violating the Ahimsa (non-violent rule of
conduct) (Wikipedia, 2010). Islam is considered as sympathetic to family
planning. Since excessive fertility leads to proven health risks to mother and
children, and/or leads to economic hardship or embarrassment to the father or
inability of the parents to raise their children religiously, educationally,
and socially, then Muslims would be allowed to regulate their fertility in such
a way that these hardships are warded off or reduced. Such was apparently the
basis for the legal opinion by Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltout, the former grand Imam
of Al-Azhar (Onran, 1994). For all this time however, child spacing was the
trust of family planning for most societies. The other aspect of family
planning culture is that many men still believe that their wives should not use
contraceptives because of the fear that it will make their wives independent of
their control, and have sex with other men. Some others are against family
planning solely because they themselves know little about it, a few decry the
idea of their wives talking to strangers about sex and reproduction; while
other worry that contraceptive use will harm their wives health or their own or
violate their religious injunction (Population Reports, 1994); and all these
will lead to alarming rate of population growth.
Nigeria is
by far the most populous country in Africa and she accounts for approximately
one-sixth of Africa people (Wikipedia, 2010). The Nigeria population estimate
as at July 2009 was 149,229,090 (CIA World Factbook, 2009). As at 2010, the
population of Nigeria rose to an estimated 152 million with a population growth
rate of 2.0% (Bureau of African Affairs, 2010). The United Nations estimates
that the population in 2005 was at 141 million, and predicted that it would
reach 289 million by 2050 (World Population Prospects, 2006). Nigeria has just
recently undergone the start of a population explosion due to high fertility
rates. The United States Census Bureau projects that population of Nigeria will
reach 264 million by 2050. Nigeria will then be the 8th most populous country
in the world (International Data Base (IDB) – Country Rankings). Nigeria total
fertility rate is 4.82 (Bureau of Africa Affairs, 2010).
In 1988, the
government of Nigeria adopted the National Policy on Population for
Development, Unity, Progress and self-reliance. The policy was designed amongst
others to slow population growth. Limited progress was made in implementing the
policy, however, and millions of Nigerians remain mired in poverty, with
inadequate access to reproductive health services and the means to determine
for themselves the number and spacing of their children (National Population
Commission (NPC), 2004). For living standards to rise, the rate of growth of
the economy and the provision of social services would have to be much higher
than the rate of population growth (National Population Policy(NPP), 2004).
Contraceptive prevalence among married women in Nigeria is low compared to
other sub-Saharan countries. Although family planning services have been
available in Nigeria since the 1950s, in 2003 only 8.9 percent of married women
were using modern contraceptive (NPC, 2004). It is crucial therefore, to
support and promote policies, such as the National Policy on Population for
sustainable development, which are aimed at ensuring effective management of
the growing population, and improving the quality of life for Nigerians (NPC,
2004).
The impact
of high fertility is felt at the population levels (national, sub-national,
community) as well as by individuals and family (NPC, 2004). Infant mortality
rates are higher when births are too close together (less than 24 months
apart). In Nigeria, children born within two years of a preceding birth are
twice as likely to die as those born three or more years apart (NPC, 2004).
When birth are too close together, a woman’s body does not have adequate time
to recover from the physical stress of the previous pregnancy and childbirth,
thereby reducing her chance of delivering a healthy baby. Close spacing can
also reduce the number of months a mother breastfeeds her child (NPC, 2004).
This has necessitated the need for campaign in strategic places for married
women to maintain a very sensible size of family they will be able to cater,
for example, variety of campaign materials are displayed on the notice or
bulletin boards of some hospitals in Benin City, some are displayed on
billboards and other strategic places in the state. Oredo Local government Area
being an enlightened city does not free herself from being part of the
population explosion in Nigeria. Therefore, this study is to select the
community to mirror the state of things in the city and determine the types of
techniques of family planning the married women are using.
According to
Nigeria National Reproductive Health Strategic framework and Plan (2002 –
2006), the fertility level in Nigeria remains persistently high at a national
level mostly due to: negative socio-cultural beliefs and norms; negative impact
of myths and rumours about family planning methods, poor access to services
especially in rural areas and for specific target groups; low quality of services
due to inadequate skills of providers and inadequate/irregular supply of
commodities; low status of women, increasing teenage pregnancy; and lack of
male involvement (Federal Ministry of Health (FMH), 2002). These also shows
that some married women in the society still lack awareness of strategies which
will not only be appropriate but reliable, cheap, available and free from any
side effect to the life and health of the user.
Statement of
the Problem
An unplanned
family brings about unbudgeted responsibilities and indeed population explosion
at large. Therefore, what are the factors hindering the practice of family
planning? Is it knowledge inadequacy, religious, cultural or traditional
beliefs of the people?
Purpose of
Study
This study
is aimed at eliciting the perception of married women in Oredo Local Government
Area of Edo State on family planning programmes.
Research
Questions
1. Are there
differences in the perception on family planning programmes between married
women who are less than 25 years old and those who are more than 35 years?
2. Is male
child syndrome a determining factor in the perception of family planning?
3. Is
cultural factor a factor in the perception of family planning?
4. Is
religious belief a factor in the perception of family planning?
Significance
of the Study
It is hoped
that the findings of this study will provide necessary information that will
enhance activities and programs towards the practice of family planning to be
appropriately conducted.
Scope and
Delimitation
The scope of
this study covers only married women between the ages of eighteen (18 years) to
forty-five (45 years) in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.
Limitation
of Study
Due to the
nature of the study topic, some married women were not readily available.
Definition
of Terms
Abortion:
The deliberate termination of a foetus on purpose before its development.
Contraceptives:
Devices used in birth control.
Contraception:
The use of birth control device to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Contraceptive
Prevalence: The rate at which birth control device are put to use.
Family
Planning: The practice of birth control, child spacing and contraceptive use.
Population:
The total number of people living in a defined geographical area.
Fertility
Rate: The number of children a woman had at a particular time or in a period of
time.
Total
Fertility Rate: This is the appropriate number of children a woman would have
in her life time if she were to bear children at the current age-specific fertility
rates throughout her reproductive years.
Infant
Mortality: The number of deaths to children under one year of age per 1000 live
births in a given year.
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