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Perceived
Benefits of Exercise Among Pregnant Mothers in Ikwo Local Government Area
Ebonyi State
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In recent
years, there has been a great increase of knowledge derived from scientific
studies regarding physical exercise during pregnancy (Mason et al, 2010). This
reflects the need to clarify their effects for mother and fetus, as some women
of childbearing age report exercising and may continue their exercise practice
during pregnancy, whereas other sedentary women may start this practice only
during pregnancy. As the effects of healthy lifestyle are well known and supported
by studies that show it is safe for both mother and fetus, physical exercise is
recommended activity for pregnant women. The American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists recommends that all healthy pregnant women follow the
American College of Sports Medicine-Centers for Disease Control and prevention
general guidelines for physical exercise by engaging in 30 min or more of
moderate physical activity per day in the majority or preferably all days of
the week. Women who were active before pregnancy may continue their activities,
but change intensity and frequency over the course of pregnancy. Other
guidelines for physical exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period
have been published, such as the Canadian guidelines for exercise during pregnancy
in 2003, and the recommendations of the Royal College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists in 2006.
Some
researchers argue for the necessity of incorporating strength training and
muscle conditioning, revising the definition of moderate exercise, and
increasing the amount of vigorous intensity exercises and weekly physical
activity expenditure. Aerobic exercise is recommended to maintain
cardiovascular fitness and to help prevent chronic diseases, apart from
avoiding excessive weight gain (Valim et al, 2011). They should involve large
muscle groups in activities such as when walking or jogging, using stationary
bicycle, treadmill, swimming, water aerobics exercises, aerobic dance, or
low-impact aerobics. Regardless of the choice of activity, it is important that
women find a modality of exercise to which they will adhere over the long term.
Those exercises that increase the risk of falling, abdominal traumas and
contacts sports should be contraindicated (Valim et al, 2011). Recent
recommendations add strength training to the routine exercise of pregnant
women. They suggest that light strength training during second and third
trimesters does not affect newborn size or overall health. These effects have
been rarely studied, although many women looking for muscle conditioning during
pregnancy think that practices such as Pilates and yoga, circuit-type resistance
training, and weight training could be beneficial (Artal&O’Tolle, 2003).
The possible
benefits of increasing strength and stretching training are improvement in
overall body strength, good posture and body core strengthening that may
contribute in labor, birth, and prevent musculo skeletal discomforts. In
addition, pelvic floor muscle strengthening is also an important component in
pregnant women’s exercise. Routine exercise is required to reduce the
prevalence of urinary incontinence. Nevertheless, there is little
evidence-based literature concerning these practices, so it should be
recommended to be careful when women plan to be engaged in these activities,
mainly when starting only during pregnancy. Attention should also be paid in
avoiding exercise in supine position during the second half of pregnancy in
order to prevent hypotension and avoid the Valsalva maneuver throughout the
pregnancy. Previously, sedentary women should start with 15 min of exercise
three times a week and gradually increase to 30 min four times a week at low-to
moderate intensity. Active women may keep their routine exercise or perform at
least moderate-to vigorous exercise four times a week in sessions of 30 min or
more. Athletes or women who have higher fitness status should be evaluated
individually. Some high-impact activities or sports with fall or trauma risks
should be avoided, and the intensity of exercise like running should be
reduced. For all, brief warm-up and cool-down periods should be incorporated to
each session of exercise.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Nigeria,
there has been increased awareness about the benefits of exercise among
pregnant women. Some clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the effect
of exercise on maternal outcome such a slow back/pelvic pain, depression during
pregnancy and postpartum, gestational weight gain and excessive weight gain,
gestational diabetes and insulin resistance, urinary incontinence symptoms,
cardiovascular fitness, and the impact of exercise on quality of life and
health status perception. Musculo skeletal discomforts such as lower back,
pelvic, and/or joint pain are common complaints during pregnancy associated
with the anatomical adaptations during pregnancy and previous risks factors.
However, active women were able to better handle the condition. Musculo
skeletal pain can also beat tenanted with physical activity in some women who
present mild pelvic and lumbar discomfort. So, this study is coming at the
right time to assess the perception of pregnant women in Ikwo Local Government
Area of Ebonyi State on the benefits of exercise during pregnancy.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
following are the objectives of this study:
1. To
examine the perception of pregnant women in Ikwo Local Government Area of
Ebonyi State on the benefits of exercise during pregnancy.
2. To
examine the importance and benefits of exercise among pregnant women.
3. To
identify the outcome of exercise among pregnant women.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. What is
the perception of pregnant women in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State
on the benefits of exercise during pregnancy?
2. What is
the importance and benefits of exercise among pregnant women? 3. What is the
outcome of exercise among pregnant women?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
following are the significance of this study:
1. The
result from this study will reveal the perception of pregnant women on
exercise. The outcome of this study will also educate on the benefits and
outcome of regular exercise by pregnant women.
2. This
research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the
effect of personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby
constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject area.
1.6
SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study
will cover the views of the women of Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State
on exercise among pregnant women.
LIMITATION
OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work
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