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Factors
Influencing the Attitude of Women Towards Family Planning in Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The purpose
of this study is to find out the factors that influence the attitudes of women
towards family planning in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.
Specifically, the study attempts to find out the influence of education,
health, religion, culture, age of women and income on the attitudes of women
towards family planning.
This
research work deals with the types of contraceptive methods, importance of
family planning and the benefits of family planning. The subjects were selected
using simple random sampling. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered
to subjects of the target population which are the educated women randomly
selected from five communities under Egor Local Government: Uselu, Uwasota,
Osasogie, Evbareke, Osakpamwan. The data collected were analyzed using
percentage approach and the results showed that:
Women
recognize the impact of family planning on their families.
Family
planning is an opportunity for couples to actually plan their family towards
better standard of living.
Recommendations
were made based on findings from the data analyzed, amongst which are that:
There should
be enlightenment programmes to educate people on the need for family planning.
Incentives should
be provided for couples that practice family planning so as to encourage more
people towards it.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
Family
planning as the name implies is having children by choice and not by chance; it
is the process of having specific number of children at intervals acceptable by
individuals or couples, to promote the health and welfare of the family. Family
planning is not a new idea all over the world and also applies to Egor Local
Government Area of Edo State. Throughout the ages, individuals and families
have tried to regulate their fertility either by using herbs, abstinence during
ovulation, prolonged breast feeding and living with parent in-laws to avoid sex
or polygamy.
Historically,
most communities in the past used to have policies that encourage large
population. Traditionally, in Africa, the low level of economic development and
heavy reliance on agriculture have brought about several factors that encourage
high fertility. In addition, according to Namboze J.M.E. (1985), religious and
cultural traditions favour large families because children are expected to help
their parents financially and to ensure a kind of family immortality by
continuity of the family name.
African
women traditionally have played major roles in agricultural production, though
their primary roles are that of wives and mothers having limited right as
subordinates to the males in the household. The status of women is further
eroded by the practice of polygamy because they have limited opportunities. At
the societal level, child bearing is therefore an important way for them to
gain status through the number of children raised.
Children are
also needed for labour in the farm and a potential old age security which they
provide in later life, especially for their mothers because women are often
denied inheritance right or forfeit right to use land upon death of husband;
and they need children especially sons to ensure that someone cares for them in
their old age. Also, a man’s health and integrity are often determined by the
number of wives and children he has and since the African religion was highly
practiced, it was believed that ancestors are expected to reincarnate through
childbirth as descendants.
Women have
come to see that cooking, house keeping chores combined with making a living,
bearing and raising children are arduous tasks and gradually retards the health
of both mother and children. Today, many parents have realized that having a
large family may bring difficulty in feeding, clothing and providing good
education for them all. In 1956, family planning was introduced by a body of
elites in Lagos due to the alarming rate of abandoned children resulting from
teenage pregnancy, criminal abortions and death. This group of elite formed a
body known as the marriage guidance counselors which later liaised with the
international Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria (PPFN).
In 1958, Dr.
Adeyemi Jones started the first family planning clinic in Ibadan but it did not
last due to lack of funds. In 1959, the Family Planning Council of Nigeria was
formed while later it became the Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria
(PPFN). Since the vastness of child
bearing has gradually led to population explosion, many individuals and
organizations have complained and said that parents should cut down their
family size and have made family planning an issue of moral, social and
political considerations. Such agencies include the International Planned
Parenthood Association, the Pathfinder Fund, International Training for Health
Programme, World Health Organization, etc.
Some leaders
have equally spoken of the need for family planning in different ways.
According to Delano (1990), while quoting Julius Nyerere of Tanzania in 1959,
“giving birth is something in which mankind and animals are equal but rearing
the young and especially educating them for many years is something which is a
unique gift and responsibility of man.
It is for this reason that it is important for man to put an emphasis on
caring for children and the ability to look after them properly, rather than
thinking about the number or sex of children”.
Looking at the past, in spite of the fact that our forefathers believed
in large families as stated earlier, birth control measures were also in
use. This manifested itself in forms of
sex taboos (frowning at pre-marital sex), abstinence, wearing of magical charms
and talisman made from the worm of the lioness and even the use of a child’s
tooth or cat’s liver for protection against unwanted pregnancies and consequent
abortion.
Davis (1992)
also supported the above method adding that our forefathers recognized the need
for child spacing via traditional methods that were applicable to their circumstances
at that time. According to Delano (1990) while tracing the encyclopedia, the
oldest recorded family planning theories are contained in the ancient Egyptian
Petri papyrus, written about 1850 BC and the Ebers papyrus dated about 1550 BC,
which described some methods of contraception. Even in Greece and Rome, there
were much concern over fertility regulations.
The ancient
knowledge was incorporated into writing of scientific doctors and was of
scientific basis for contraception up to the late 17thcentury. From this, it
should be noted that contraception had a place in the days of old as a means of
preserving the health of the child and mother.
However,
when compared with the modern contraceptives some of this traditional methods
appear strange in their preparations and applications. It is via intensive
research that the modern methods of birth control emerged in an attempt to
minimize complications, develop effective and non-injurious, convenient,
reliable, enjoyable, easily accessible and also able to meet the needs of
individuals and couples. It is on this note that various birth workers like
Jeremy Bentheim of England, Margaret Sawyer of USA are known and remembered for
championing the cause of birth control in different countries and at different
point of history.
In this
study, therefore, attempts shall be made to find out what women in Egor
Community understand about the concept of family planning, methods of
contraception commonly practiced, specifically, finding out about the effect of
education, income, religion, culture, age, health, as they influence the
attitude of women towards family planning; dealing extensively with the
importance and benefits of family planning.
Statement of
Problem
Various
individuals, national and international organizations such as the World Health
Organization, Population Reference Bureau, etc, have cried out over the dangers
associated with population explosion and have equally suggested that couples
cut down their family size.
Depreciating
standard of living, inadequate facilities due to increase in population demands
are also part of the issues that plague our society. From the observation, this
research is an attempt to study the factors that influence the attitude of
women towards family planning.
Purpose of
Study
The purpose
of this study is to carry out a survey on the influence of education, age,
culture, religion, income and health on the attitude of women towards family
planning.
Research
Questions
In dealing
with this research topic, various problems were identified and research
questions were drawn. They are:
Does
education influence the attitude of women towards family planning?
Does the
health of women influence the attitude of women towards family planning?
Does culture
influence the attitude of women towards family planning?
Does income
influence the attitude of women towards family planning?
Does the age
of women influence their attitude towards family planning?
Does
religion influence the attitude of women towards family planning?
Significance
of the Study
This
research will be of benefit to women and the society at large. They will again
a lot from the facts contained in this project work. It is envisaged that this
research work will further assist the growth, development, expansion and
awareness of family planning and its importance to the society at large.
To also make
recommendations that will alleviate the identified mistaken notions that affect
the practice of family planning.
Delimitation
of the Study
This study
is limited to the women in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. It does not
intend to judge the efficiency of family planning, but to find out what
influences the attitude of women towards family planning. It does not cover
treatment of side effects or failures of the methods.
Definition
of Terms
Family
Planning: This implies the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and
attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their
birth.
Contraception:
Method and practice of preventing conception is the fertilization of an ovum.
Menstruation:
The monthly elimination of the blood filled lining of the uterus (womb), which
takes about four to five days, depending on individual physiology.
Ovulation:
The release of ripe egg cells from the ovary about once a month.
Vasectomy:
Cutting of the vassal ferens through which the sperms reach the penis, so that
they are not ejaculated.
Tubalization:
Cutting of the female fallopian tube so that egg cells cannot enter the uterus.
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