EXAMINATION OF INCIDENCE OF MALARIA INFESTATION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM (A Case Study Of Parklane Hospital Enugu)
ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR
CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK
YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE
PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL
INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS
PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
EXAMINATION
OF INCIDENCE OF MALARIA INFESTATION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM
(A Case Study Of Parklane Hospital Enugu)
ABSTRACT
The
incidence of the infestation of plasmodium species (P.Falciparum, P. Vivax,
P.Ovale, and P. alaria) which causes human malaria in Enugu metropolis was
conducted at Parklane Hospital using their patients. Thick and thin, smear of
blood were made and examined after proper staining. The staining method which
proved effective were the Giemsa and Liesman staining method. It was observed
that P.Falciparum was most prevalent of the fair species while P.Ovale has
occuarence. The report from P.Malaria and P.Ovale were not significant to be
recorded. Prevalent is higher in children than in Adult.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 THE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Malaria is a
febrile illness caused by a protozoan of the germs plasmodium present public
health problem and cause suffering and premature death in tropical and
subtropical countries, because of htier ample rainfall; and long periods, of
warmth which favour both mosquito breeding and human infection (Adams and
Magraitt 1980,).
In many
endemic area, malaria increases and difficult to control because of the
resistance of the parasite to antimalaria drings and the failure of vector
control measures: At present, about two billion population live in malarious
zone. Every year, 200-300 million people are due to the disease. Most of the
victims are children under five (5) and pregnant women in areas of stable
malaria (intence malaria) transmission. Malaria also poses a risk to
travellers, tarists and immigrants and exotic cases of malaria are.
There are
four species of Plasmodium which infects humans. although infection is
generally cases occur in the USA and other countries which are otherwise free
of malaria transmission. Falciparum, and Plasmodium vivaz, which are found
throughout malaria belt. Plasmodium malaria is widely distributed but less
common Plasmodium Ovale is rare but it tends to replace P. Viax in west Africa
where it has been linked with Lack of Duffy blood group by (John Murray, 1880).
The life
cycle of the malaria (Plasmodium protozoa) includes of the malaria (plasmodium
protozoa)includes three basic stages. The first stage occurs in the mosquitos
body (Exogenous stage). The second and the third stages take place in a persons
body (exogenous stage) the first stage begins where the mosquito bites Samoan
who has malaria. Plasmodium enter the insects body and reproduce in its
stomach. The protozoan young tin their way into the mosquito saliva. The second
stage occurs after the mosquito bites another person. Plasmodia.
During the
third stage, each plasmodium invades a red blood cell, where it multiples
again. The infected blood cells eventually rapture and release large numbers of
plasmodia, which invades additional red blood cells. This invasism, multiplying
and cell rupture by, the parasites continues, causing the periodic attacks of
fever that are typical of malaria. An attack occurs each time the red blood
cells rupture. Some plasmodia develop further in human blood and are able to
reproduce in a mosquitoes body. They enter the insects body when the mosquito
bites a person their life cycle begins again.
Figure: THE
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE
Human
malaria can be transmitted only by female anopheline mosquitoes. In addition to
transmitting malaria, anophelines also transmits filariasis and some viral
disease, but other mosquitos are more important as vectors of the two latter
infections. The Anopheless belong to the order of Diptera, sub-order
Nematocera, family culicidae sub-family culicinae and tribe Anophelim in the
zoological classification.. within the tribe Anophelin, the germs anopheles has
several sub-genera. (Ketchum 1984).
There are
about 400 species of Anophelese mosquitoes throughout the world, but only some
60 species are vectors of malaria under natural conditions: of these some 30
species are of major importance. Natural susceptibility or resistance of
Anapheles to infection with a defined species of malaria parasite is largely
unexplained though it is certainly related to biochemical processes in the body
of the mosquito and to its nutritional requirements. Among the main factors
determining whether a particular species of Abophelese is an important vector,
the frequency of its feeding on man (in preference to animals) is of particular
relevance. The other factors are the mean longevity of the local population of
an anpheline species and its density in relation to man. Thus, a particular
species of Anopheles may be an important vector in one area of the world and of
no importance in another area. Although Anopheles mosquitoes are most
frequently seen in tropical or subtropical regions, they are found in temperate
climates. They life expectance of the mosquito depends on environmntal
conditions.
The external
morphology of both female and male anopheles provides the main criteria for
recognising both the genus and the species of these mosquito. The successive
stages of growth and metamorphosis of the mosquito are the egg, lava, pupa and
finally the adult or imigo.
In general,
malaria is yound in regions lying roughly between latitute 60N and 400 of the
equator. The impart of malaria on any population depends upon its
epidemilogical pattern. Nigeira has endemic and stable malaria (Meneudez,
1995).
CLASSIFICATION
= (Beadle 1977) classified malaria parasite as follows:-
– Phylum –
Protozoa
– Class –
Sporozoa
– Order –
Coccidida
– Sub-order
– Haemosporina
– Family –
Plasmodidae
– Germs –
Plasmodium
Thus
plasmodium (protozoa: Haemo sporina) secure malaria to man and it is
atransmitted by female Anopheline mosquitoo during blood meal.
Malaria cause
by Four species of Plasmodium.
Malaria
cause by P. Falciparium is referred to as Falciparium malaria, formely known as
subtertian (ST) or malignant tertian (MT) malaria. It is the msot widespread,
accounting for up tpo 80% of malaria cases worldwide. P. Falciparum is the most
pathogenic of the human malaria species with untreated infections causing
severe disease and death, particularly in young children, pregnant women and
no-immune adults. According to (Trigg and kondrachine, 1998) P. Facciparum causes
yearly 300 million to 500 million cases of clinical illness and 1-5 million to
2.7 million deaths in sub-saharan Africa, plus 5-20 million clinical cases and
100,000 deaths else where in the world 80% of them in Asta.
In a
pregnant women, Normal immune responses are reduced during pregnancy. In areas
of stable malaria transmission, a pregnant women will have acquired partial
immunity to malaria. This will protect her against serious clinical Falciparum
malaria but not present heavy parasitic infection of the placenta and anaemia
(often severe) which can result in a low birth weight baby which may not
survive.
Malaria
caused by Plasmodium vivax is referred as vivax, formerly known as benign
tertian (BT) malaria.
Malaria
caused by Plasmodium Oval is referred to as oval malaria, formerly known as
oval tertian malaria. While that of Plasmodium malaria is referred to as
malariae malaria, also referred to as quartan malaria.
Infections
caused by P.Vivax, P. Ovale or P.malarine are rarely life – threatening according
to parasite cells does not occure and parasitic densities are lower. In vivax
and ovale malaria, parasites numbers rarely exceed 50000 /N/ or 2% of cells
infected, and in quatan malaria (P. malaria) parasite numbaer are usually less
than 10,000/ML with only up to 1% of cells becoming infected.
P.Vivax and
Oval malaria has a common feature “Relapses” due to the delayed development of
pre-erythrocytic (PE) schizonts from hyprozoites in liver cells. While P.
Malaria has a feature of repeated malaria attacks due to recrudescence caused
by small numbers of erythrocytic forms of the parasite persisting in the host,
possibly as a recent of parasitic antigenic charge.
A serious
complication infection with P. Malariae is “ne phrotic syndrome” which may head
to renal failure. It occurs more frequently in children and is caused by damage
to the kidneys following the deposition of antigen anti-body completes on the
glomerular basement membrane of the kidney.
1.1 AIM AND
OBJECTIVE
1. The aim
of this research project is to demonstrate the incidence of malaria infestation
caused by different species of plasmodium
2. To
identify the commonest species of plasmodium implicated in the attack.
3. To
identify stages of plasmodium in the patients.
4. To
confirms the population at risk
5. To make
recommendation that would assist in the reduction or eradication of malaria
especially among children in Enugu metropolis and the society ins general.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The major
problem with diseases in developing world has been the failure to set realistic
priorities with respect to both research and control. As clinical diagnosis
fail to effectively lay emphasis on species specificity in malaria attack, and
as there are today increasing cases of chloroquine resistant in malaria
therapy, a good knowledge of species specificity may help to claudicate the
lathery causes of the problems in malaria therapy. Finding from this work will
clearly identify the followings:
1. The different
species of plasmodium treatment
2. The
nature of the stages in man
1.3
HYPOTHESIS
H1 There are
four species of plasmodium evenly distributed in human population
H2 Some
species of plasmodium are more prevalent then others.
H3
Plasmodium parasitenia is higher in children than in adults.
H1P
Plasmodium parastitenia is equal in all age cohorts.
1.4
JUSTIFICATION
1. The four
species of plasmodium is prevalent among the resident of Enugu state. They
infect humans and cause malaria.
2. All
species are vector borne disease, being spread by aropheline mosquitoes, and
the disease is distributed throughout the
1.5
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work is
only carried out in parkland general hospital Enugu. While compiling this
project, the following problems were met:
1. Finance:
As a student, I did not have enough money to reach up to the demands of this
study.
2. Time
factor: it is actually time consuming for the researcher in that this project
is to be completed within a short period of time.
3. Lack of materials:
The laboratory is too busy in that, not all the materials needed is provided at
a given time.
4. Lack of
cooperation from staff: some staff feel reluctant in providing the materials
needed, some feel that materials may be stooling or damage.
1.6 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
This study
is limited to examination of incidence of malaria infestation caused by
different species of plasmodium in Enugu metropolis. The area of work covers
parkland general Hospital Enugu. As a general hospital, which is standard I
feel that they will give me more information and provide me with the materials
needed to carry out this work.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT
MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate
amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name
(4)
Teller Number
We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 3139283609
Bank:
FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment