EVALUATION OF THE POLLUTION STATUS IN UYO DUMP SITE METROPOLIS USING AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAIL; Archachatina marginata
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EVALUATION
OF THE POLLUTION STATUS IN UYO DUMP SITE METROPOLIS USING AFRICAN GIANT LAND
SNAIL; Archachatina marginata
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Introduction
Waste
generation is an integral aspect of human existence that is unavoidable. It is
a product of resource use process that has the capacity to be inconveniencing
and harmful leading in extreme cases to pollution with resultant epidemics and
catastrophic consequences. Waste is used to describe any item or object that is
no longer suitable for use in the owner’s or user’s consideration, waste can be
products or by-products of certain processes or remnants of useful items that
are considered as no longer useful. Waste comes in three broad forms of solid,
liquid and gaseous waste, (Jatau, 2013).
Solid waste
which consists of refuse, garbage, rubbish, dead animals, construction wastes,
etc., may either be biodegradable or non-biodegradable, combustible or non-
combustible. Examples of solid waste are; broken glasses, plastics, metals,
broken blocks, food remnants, papers, wood, cloth, etc. Solid waste from households,
commercial and industrial sources are called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), and
they are generally disposed off in a landfill (Environmental Protection
Department, 2011). Biodegradable waste items will disintegrate with the passage
of time even when left on their own but apart from creating health hazards, the
rate of disintegration may be too slow for the rate of generation thereby
making aesthetically unappealing. Owing to the multidimensional nature of waste
and its attendant negative effects on humans, wildlife and the environment, its
management is highly crucial and requires concerted effort. (Adewale and
Litherland, 2011).
Waste
management practices which essentially covers the collection, conveyance,
processing, recycling and disposal of waste items is approached in different
ways in different communities all with the same goal of maintaining sustainable
environment conducive for healthy human and wildlife habitation. Generally,
governments are responsible for the management of non-hazardous residential and
institutional waste while, commercial and industrial wastes are managed by
their producers under government’s supervision.
A common
practice of solid waste management in Nigeria involves the collection,
transportation and disposal of solid wastes at designated areas called
dumpsites. Uyo metropolis dumpsite is a major repository of municipal solid
waste in Akwa Ibom State. It receives domestic, industrial and institutional
waste by public and private waste management operators.
According to
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) through a
document concerning pollution in 1976, Pollution is the production or
introduction by man directly or indirectly of substances or energy into the
environment, resulting in deleterious effects of such nature as to endanger
human health, harm other living resources in the ecosystem and impair other
legitimate uses of the environment. Pollution occurs when a product added to
our natural environment adversely affects nature’s ability to dispose it off. A
pollutant is something which adversely interferes with the health, comfort,
property or environment of the people. Generally, most pollutant are introduced
into the environment as sewage, solid waste and as compounds used to protect
plants and animals. Over the years solid waste has been introduced into Uyo
Metropolis dumpsite and it is suspected that this must have elicited the
pollution of the environment. (Misra and Alani, 1991).
Bio-indicators
are species used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem. They are
any biological species whose function, population or status can be used to
determine ecosystem or environmental integrity of such organisms are monitored
for changes be it biochemical, physiological or behavioral that may indicate a
problem within the environment or ecosystem. A bio-indicator can tell one about
the cumulative effect of different pollutant in the ecosystem and about how
long such a problem may have been present which physical and chemical testing
alone may not (Karr, 1993).
An example
of such a group is the gastropods and other land and water organisms. The
importance and relevance of bio-indicators rather than man-made equipments in
ascertaining the health staged of an environment is justified by the statement;
there is no better indicator of the status of a species or a system than the
species or system itself. Bio monitoring entails the use of the property of the
organism to obtain information on certain aspects of the biosphere, (Tingey,
1989).
Giant
African Land snail; Archachatina marginata is a species within the family
archantinidae, a family of unusually large African terrestrial land snails. It
is native to West Africa and found in humid areas, urban areas and sub lands
including farmlands. It can be found aestivating underground during drier
months, having a closed aperture, sealed with a solid, calcareous, white
epiphragm, (Cowie et al., 2009).
Classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Super
family: Achatinoidea
Genus:
Archachatina
Species:
Archachatina marginata
Heavy metals
are metals and metalloids having atomic densities greater than 5g/cm3. They
include mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and nickel among others. At some
levels of exposure, and absorption, they are harmful to most living things.
Heavy metals are released into the environment through man’s industrial,
domestic and commercial activities, industrial effluents, pesticides and
fungicides, as well as manure from poultry farms. Many of the sites contain
significant amount of ashes due to dumping of ash and the burning of refuse on
the dumpsite from time to time. The burning gets rid of organic materials and
oxidizes the metals leaving the ash richer in metal content. The process of
oxidation and corrosion makes the metals soluble and leached from where they
are picked up by plants, thereby entering into the food chain. (Wild, 1993).
The toxicity
of many metals depend on the chemical forms in the environment which can be greatly
affected by the leachate quality especially pH. The heavy metals present in the
leachates are considered hazardous to terrestrial lives because of their
availability and toxicity, bioaccumulation tendency of characterized contents
and their availability. Heavy metals may reach the terrestrial environment via
the flow of this leachate and plants rooted in leachates contaminated soils.
(John, 2002).
Macro fauna
are an important part of the soil environment. Snails, being an important macro
fauna is involved in many aspects in microbial activities, nutrient cycle and
crumbly structures and thus, are readily exposed to the leachate and heavy
metals present in the soil. (Corlex et al., 1993).
The major
dumpsite solid wastes produces heavy metals continually; this is capable of
migrating unto nearby farmlands and surface water. The knowledge of the
composition and quality of these solid waste will give an insight into
appropriate, effective and sustainable environmental protection approach.
Therefore, this study will document the physical and chemical composition of
heavy metals from contaminated soil in Uyo Municipal dumpsite, and measure
possible effects as well as the pollution status of the dumpsite, nearby
farmland and environs using African Giant Land Snail; Archachatina marginata as
bio-indicator.
1.2.
Significance of the study
Uyo
municipal dumpsite is situated in the heart of Uyo Metropolis close to Akwa
Ibom State Government House. Residential buildings, farmlands and surface water
bodies are some sensitive environmental components around the dumpsite. There
has been widespread concern about potential pollution emanating from the
dumpsite with its attendant negative impacts on public health and the
environment.
It is
imperative to ascertain the actual pollution status of the dumpsite to assist
in the holistic management of the dumpsite in the interest of public health,
aesthetic and the general well being of the environment.
1.3. Aim and
objectives
The study
was aimed at evaluating the current pollution status of Uyo Metropolis dumpsite
using African giant land snail Archachatina marginata as a bio-indicator.
The specific
objectives of the study were:
To assess
the levels of heavy metals composition in the African giant land snail
Archachatina marginata pick from dumpsite Uyo Metropolis.
To ascertain
the heavy metals content of soil at Uyo Metropolis dumpsite
To provide
scientific information on the pollution status of Uyo Metropolis dumpsite and
create necessary public awareness as a prelude to the management of the
dumpsite.
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