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THE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON THE RURAL AREAS:
ABSTRACT
A lot has
been said about the rising of rural urban migration in recent years. This
phenomenon has attracted the concern of economists, the government both at the
federal and state levels because of its attendant’s problems such problems
associated with rural-urban migration on the rural areas include decline in
agricultural production, migration decline, rural poverty, rural depopulation,
demographic consequences etc. it is against this background that the researcher
has made conscious effor56t to examine the socio-economic impact of the rural
urban migration on ora village. The study has carried out using 100
questionnaires administered to the indigenes of that village, and moreover 10
indigenes were interviewed personally. The analysis of the data shows that many
reasons are responsible for the rural urban migration in ora village. Prominent
among these reasons is the issues of lack of employment opportunities. As a
result of the above, it is recommended that an integrated rural development
planning should be vigorously pursued by the government. If all the
recommendations were to be adopted by the government, it will minimize the mass
movement of rural dwellers to urban cities.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Chapter One
Background
of the study
Statement of
the problem
Objective of
the study
Hypothesis
of the study
Limitation/scope
of the study
Definition
of terms
Chapter Two
Literature
review
Definition
of migration
Types of
migration
Causes of
rural-urban migration
Socio-economic
effect of rural-urban migration of the rural area.
Chapter
Three
Methodology
Introduction
Research
design
Sampling
techniques/instrument used/data collection
Validation
of instrument/method of data analysis
Chapter Four
Data
analysis
Introduction
Analysis of
data collection
Personal
interview
Findings
Chapter Five
Summary,
Recommendations
Areas of
further research
Conclusion
References
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
There have been rapid increase of
youths movements from rural area to urban centres, no one is in doubt today of
the fact the rate at which people (especially, the youths) move from rural area
to urban centres is affecting the lives of the rural dwellers. Nigeria is a
developing country; in fact, she is at the threshold of being a developed
nation. On this note it is wise to be acquainted with the meaning of the world
“migration”.
Migration according to Udo (1980)
defined migration as the permanent or semi-permanent change in residence from
one administrative unit (district, country, province, state or country) to
another. And it is usually considered to be an economic man’s reaction to
socio-economic differentials between regions. Migration has become an important
factor influencing population dynamics in a geographical area. Fertility and
mortality determines the rate of natural population increase in any locality.
The overall size of the population such an area depend on the pattern of
migration. Population movements are often responsible for observable sudden
changes in population size in many locality. It is however, pertinent to note
that migration is an instrument to the solution of many social and economic
problems. As a socio-economic act, migration may not be of interest in itself
other than in the result of its effect, but it does often gives rise to
problems as well as providing solutions.
My people from rural area have been
moving to urban centres. Rural urban has attracted many people simply because
of white collar jobs, education, change of environment, climate or whether
condition etc. the rural urban migration in ora clan can be seen as a
spontaneous human effort to achieve balance between population and resources.
It is natural phenomenon which produces demographic social and economic
interaction that reduces some of the irregularities of nature i.e. people wants
to move from a place where there are no socio amenities (rural), to where there
are socio amenities (cities). According to Lawai (1983). The implications of
this movement is that while most of our urban centres suffers from over
population of people and activities, rural areas are often under populated.
There are two factors responsible for this movement from rural area to urban
centres. These are the “push” and the “pull” factors.
Push
factors: This factor causes the forwards movement of people from rural to urban
centres. While the pull factor, it directed or draw people towards itself e.g.
education, white collar job and among others. The most affected people in this
rural urban migration are the educated youths who are unable to obtain a
suitable job in a rural area.
Rural-urban migration has a dual impact
on the individual as well as the community either directly or indirectly. It is
through the contribution of successful migrants that most important projects in
ora clan have been made possible. This fact can be buttressed by the financial
support given to gigantic project like the building of community school and
village town hall in ora. It is against this introductory background of the
study that the researcher has intended to examine how rural-urban migration has
affected the socio-economic development of rural settlement with particular
reference to oral clan in Owan West Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Since 1960
there has been massive movement of people from rural areas to urban centres.
This project was meant to find out the socio-economic impacts of rural-urban
migration. Prothero (1965) recognizes four of rural urban migration which are
the daily movement, seasonal migration, short-term or periodic movements,
definitive or long term movements.
Rural-Urban
Migration has become too rampant on the rural areas especially the study area
(ora clan), in Owan West Local Government Area of Edo State. And they migrate
without considering the socio-economic impact of this movement on their parents
and the community in general.
Perhaps this movement may be as a
result of lack of social amenities in the rural areas, searching for white
collar jobs, for education purposes, climate condition among others. This is
what the researcher will find out in this project. But finance and time has
been the major constraints to the realization of this research work.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
In view of
the above stated problems, the study therefore seeks to:
i. Identify the causes of
migration from ora village to urban centres and enumerate the rationale behind
such movements.
ii. Examine the negative and
positive of socio-economic impacts of rural urban migration.
iii. Suggest possible remedies to
check such influx of people from rural areas to urban centres form sound
national planning and developmental purpose.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Since
research preposition are meant to test the validity of assumption, the
following questions are stated for the purpose of this study.
a. Why rural urban migration
has greater influence on the life of rural dwellers.
b. Did rural-urban migration occurs because
of lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas
c. Why did the rural-urban
dwellers migrate to urban centres?
d. What is the socio-economic
impact of migrating from rural area to urban centres?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- The study when successfully completed
will be of value to the educational planners.
- The study will be of importance to
researchers/students working on related topics.
- The study will reveal the reasons why
people migrate from rural area to urban centres.
- The study will also be an addition to
previous work on the topic. Thus, an addition to knowledge.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Migration:
This means the movement of people from one place to another. Teriba (1982) sees
migration as the movement of people from one civil division to another.
Settlement:
This is a place where people live.
Emigration:
It is the movement of people out of a country.
Immigration:
This is the movement of people into country.
Net
migration: The difference between the number of immigration and emigrants.
Immigrant:
These are people that move into a country.
Emigrants:
These are people that engage in the movement out of a country.
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