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UNIVERSITY SMS RESULT DESSIMINATION
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the use of mobile phones for delivering
examination results via Short Messaging Service (SMS) in a university where
student who have written examinations and are anxious to see their results need
to get their grades in a convenient and accessible way, whether in the comfort
of their homes, on the road, or while at work.
At this time, a mobile phone is accessible to most students,
and they take it almost everywhere with them. This technology can, therefore,
be highly effective in bringing information to them quickly, easily, and while
they are on the move. An SMS result checking system not only enables students
to request their grades, the system can also deliver the grades to their phones
as soon as the grades become available. This means that they can access their
grades even in the remotest locations where Internet service might be
unavailable, preventing them from accessing the school’s website.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Computers with the power of the Internet have succeeded in
aiding communication among people. The telephone system, which is the main
communication system that was invented several years ago, has undergone a great
improvement, so much that today we have fixed wireless phones, mobile phones,
and the like. With the rapid development of mobile phones come several
services, like the Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), which are readily available and add to the usefulness of mobile
phones. SMS in particular is widely used in communication and, more recently,
has been leveraged to provide several services like airline ticketing, banking
services, and commercial services such as share and sell where subscribers can
easily share and/or sell airtime. SMS is a mobile technology that allows for
sending and receiving text or even binary messages to and from a mobile phone.
The relative ease of use of SMS makes it possible for a user to learn how to
send SMS easily. More than 160 billion SMSs are exchanged each month in
European countries (Mavrakis, 2004), and according to Resource Shelf (2006),
48.7 billion SMS messages were sent in the second half of 2005, which is up 50%
from the six months before that. The major advantage of SMS is its cost
effectiveness and availability, as most individuals own a phone.
In different parts of the world, several service providers
offer mobile services that include SMS. Most times the cost attached to sending
a SMS is relatively small, and most providers do not charge for receiving SMS.
Sometimes, service providers give users a certain amount of free SMS per month,
which allows customers send and receive unlimited number of SMS messages. It is
possible to acquire a special dedicated line that uses a custom rate for
messages sent to the number; it is also possible to have a number as toll free,
making it free for users to send SMS to the number. All these contribute to
what makes SMS a really cost effective means of disseminating information.
Till today, especially in the developing countries like
Nigeria, there still exists the problem of checking examination results as
students throng to notice boards in anxiety, although most universities, even
those in the less developed countries, now make examination results available
on their websites. The level of Internet availability in less developed
countries is still low and quite expensive. Even in the developed countries,
where most homes have Internet access, SMS is still a faster and cheaper means
of disseminating examination results as well as other information. Pramsane and
Sanjaya (2006) stated that universities could provide educational services
based on SMS, such as grade release, enrollment information, university
announcement, and internship opportunity. An advantage SMS offers is that
students can receive valuable information on the fly without requesting it.
The result checking system not only allows student to request
grades, it provides the result as soon as they as become available. This is
done by pushing the result to the students (sending it to their phones) or
working on a request sent from a student to produce the result (pulling). There
are two methods of SMS widely used in applications; they are the PUSH &
PULL. This application can either be used to push or pull messages.
A Push SMS application is one whereby a message is sent from
the application to the user. It is a one-way message. In other words, it is the
mobile application (in this case, the SMS result checking application) that
initiates a message. An example could be a school that automatically sends
examination results to the students and their parents/sponsors as soon as the
grades become available. The users do not request the grades, do not take any
action, and are not charged for receiving the SMS. The SMS would be delivered
to them in a matter of seconds regardless of where they are, as long as their
mobile phone is within their network operator’s coverage.
A Pull SMS application, on the other hand, is one whereby a
user sends a request and obtains a reply from the application. This is a full
duplex scenario. An example is when a student requests for his/her grades for a
recently concluded semester.The proposed system offers both the PULL and PUSH
functionality making it even more efficient and easier for speculating and
anxious students
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Due to the lack of proper mode of result dissemination in
Nigerian universities students are facing challenges viewing their results
after examination. They have to come to school and struggle in the notice board
to view results which is eventually torn or gets missing, making the students
that are not there on time to start looking for their results. Although most
universities have online portals from which the students can check their result
from, but considering the extremely slow and costly internet access can be a
discouraging factor for student using this medium.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
SMS based result dissemination increases the efficiency,
convenience and cost effectiveness of student access to result. Some of the
benefits of implementing this system are listed below:
- It will send
and receive SMS from all kind of phones from all networks.
- It functions
24hrs a day, removing the restrictions as to when students can check result.
- Users are
notified when they make an invalid request.
- It is
relatively easy to customize.
- It provides
more flexibility, by allowing many result checking options.
1.4 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The project covers the design and implementation of an SMS
Student Result Dissemination System that Pushes (sends) results to students when
they are available and also allow students to request for results and get a
reply that contains the grades. It will be designed with HTML, PHP, AJAX,
JAVASCRIPT and CSS 4 using MYSQL as the back-end database. A two-way SMS
gateway was used for the two-way SMS implementation.
1.5
LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
The limitations of SMS results dissemination system are the
same with SMS applications in general.
- Unlike paper
results, which are stamped, it is difficult to certify SMS results. However,
mobile operators provide numbers that bear the name of company or institution.
This way the user can be sure that the message originated from the right
source.
- As a rule, length
of a SMS message is 160 characters. This is a limitation in SMS technology.
Therefore the messages are abbreviated depending on the availability of the
space.
- The SMS
technology (like email) does not guarantee set transmission times or guaranteed
delivery of the message; therefore some messages may be delayed, blocked, or
lost in transmission.
- The cost of the
message might be transferred to the sender (although toll-free lines can be
acquired) and this is network dependent. It is also possible to reimburse such
cost and to operate volume based tariffs.
- Service operators might not have coverage in
some areas, and some locations may be have mobile-phone jammers therefore
preventing users from getting service signals.
- Not all students
will have a mobile phone. This is negligible considering the amount of mobile
phone owners; at least one person in a family will own a phone.
1.6
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SMS –stands for Short Message Service is a form of text
messaging communication on phones and mobile phones.
SMS Gateway - allows a computer to send or receive Short
Message Service (SMS) transmissions to or from a telecommunications network.
Most messages are eventually routed into the mobile phone networks.
HTML– HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup
language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in
a web browser.
PHP - is a server-side scripting language designed for web
development but also used as a general-purpose programming language.
AJAX - Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, a technique used in
web application development.
JAVASCRIPT - is an interpreted computer programming language.
As part of web browsers, implementations allow client-side scripts to interact
with the user, control the browser, communicate <span style="font-size:
14.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'
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