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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER FOR SYNGAS
PRODUCTION USING RICE HUSK
Abstract
Biomass gasification is a thermochemical process that
converts biomass to a combination of gases known as syngas comprising mainly of
CO, H2and CH4 as a result of partial combustion with a gasifying agent. It is
considered to be a promising clean energy option for reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions and a way of utilizing agricultural wastes like rice husk. The
syngas can be used not only to produce heat and power but in synthesis of
liquid fuels and chemicals. This research comprises of rice husk
characterization, mathematical model formulation to predict rice husk
gasification theoretically and gasification of rice husk using both air and
oxygen-enriched air as gasifying agents experimentally. Theoretical rice husk
air gasification was done by inputting the composition of the characterizedrice
husk into set of mathematical equations derived based on thermodynamics, mass
and energy balances using equilibrium approach and resulting equationswere computed
using MATLAB as a toolto predictsyngas composition and calorific value between
temperature of 500 and 1100 °C. Experimental ricehusk gasification was
conducted using a downdraft gasification system installed at National Research
Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Nigeria, comprising of a gasifier as
reactor, cyclone, filter and air blower. The gasification was done with two
different gasifying agents; air and oxygen-enriched air. For the air
gasification, effect of 6.4, 3.0 and 0.7 L/min flow rates were studied while
for the oxygen-enriched air gasification, 30 to 100% oxygen enrichment in air
were examined. Temperature, syngas composition and calorific value were
monitored during the experiment using online portable infrared syngas analyser
(Gasboard 3100P series), digital thermometer (UT 350) and K-type
(chromel-alumel) thermocouple. The results of the model indicated an optimum
temperature at 800 °C with syngas composition of 18.72 CO%, 16.68% H2, 13.05%
CO2, and 0.39% CH4, and 4.47 MJ/m3 calorific value. The best experimentalsyngas
composition was at 6.4 L/min air flow rate with composition of 10.83 CO%, 9.51%
CO2, 2.12% H2 and 1.18 CH4%, desired syngas composition of 14.13 % and
equivalence ratio of 0.128, with an average temperature of 567°C and 2.53
MJ/Nm3 calorific value.Root mean square error value of 7.58 was calculated when
the model developed was validated with the best results obtained from rice husk
air gasification. For oxygen enriched- air rice husk gasification,the best
point was considered at 50% oxygen enrichment in air having the highest CO to
CO2ratio of 1.63 with equivalence ratio of 0.494, desired syngas of 24.34%,
syngas composition of 19.8% CO, 12.16% CO2, 2.26% H2, 2.28% CH4, and calorific
value of 3.67 MJ/m3.Performance analysis shows that for air gasification the
highest Carbon
Conversion efficiency (CCE) and Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE)was
achieved at the highest air flow rate (6.4L/min) as 21.27 and 12.55%
respectively.While for oxygen-
enriched air gasification, 50 % oxygen enrichment in air gave
the best values of both CCE and CGE as 46.72 and 26.24%, respectively.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Access to cheap, reliable, and sustainable energy is a
precursor for attaining and sustaining socio economic development. In fact it
is fundamental requirement for poverty reduction. Currently about 90% of the
world primary energy consumption is from fossil (petroleum, gas and coal),
(Melgaraetal., 2009). However depleting of these fossil energy sources, the
rate at which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the atmosphere when they
are burnt and increasing demand of the world energy due to population coupled
with technological advancement are the current challenges. These challenges
have served as motivation globally to develop alternative and renewable energy
like biomass and solar that can help the present generation to meet their
energy demand without jeopardizing the ability of the future generation to meet
their energy demand.
Biomass is a non-fossilized and biodegradable organic
material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. They include
products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and
related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions
of industrial and municipal wastes. Biomass has high but variable moisture
content and is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and
inorganic elements (Bhavanam and Sastry, 2011).The biomass is the only source
of carbon-based renewable energy (Pandeyetal., 2013) and the most dominant
renewable energy source used in the world today, comprising almost 80 per cent
of the total supply.
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