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MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SAND-QUARRY DUST BLOCKS
ABSTRACT
In this work, models for predicting six structural
characteristics and cost of sand-quarry dust blocks were developed. Three model
equations namely Scheffe’s simplex lattice design (pseudo component), Scheffe’s
simplex lattice design (component proportion) and Osadebe’s model were
developed for each property.
The properties investigated were Compressive strength, Water
absorption and Split tensile strength. The others are Static modulus of
elasticity, Flexural strength and Shear strength. The models were fitted to
data obtained from tests on various mixes of 140 sand-quarry dust hollow blocks
of 450 x 225 x 225 mm, 66 beams of 600 x 150 x150mm and 66 cylinder specimens
of 150mm diameter and 300mm long. Adequacy of the models were confirmed using F
statistic and normal probability plot. Computer programs, were developed to
determine the responses to a given mix and the mixes that give a desired
response value. The effect of the partial replacement of sand with quarry dust
on the characteristics of the blocks was also studied. Component interactions
was studied using Cox response trace plots. Comparisons between the
experimental and model predicted results and between the models were made. The
percentage difference between the experimental and model predicted values were
all below 5% for all the models and responses. The analyses also show that
there is no significant statistical difference between the models. The minimum
and maximum values of compressive strength predictable by Scheffe’s pseudo
component model are respectively 2.74 and 5.22Nmm-2. The corresponding values
for the water absorption of the blocks are 3.21 and 7.84%. For the Scheffe’s
component proportion model, the predictable compressive strength values range
from 2.77 to 5.23Nmm-2. The corresponding range for water absorption is 3.20 to
7.84%. The minimum and maximum flexural strength predictable by the Scheffe’s
pseudo component model are 2.40 and 4.34Nmm-2 respectively. The corresponding
values for the Split tensile strength are 2.24 and 3.33Nmm-2. For Scheffe’s
component proportion model, the corresponding values are 2.45 and 4.35Nmm-2 for
the flexural strength and 2.27 and 3.33Nmm-2 for the split tensile strength.
Analyses of the pseudo component models show that there is binary synergy
between sand and quarry dust for all the properties. Other binary combinations
anti synergistic effects. Cement and water has the greatest effect on the
properties. The structural properties of the blocks improved when 10 to 40% of
the sand was partially replaced with quarry dust. The optimum replacement was
at 40% with an increase in compressive strength of 27%. A list of 117 mixes
that meet NIS 87: (2004) recommended minimum compressive strength of 3.45Nmm-2
for load bearing sandcrete blocks was established. It is recommended that the
inclusion of quarry dust in sandcrete block
production be encouraged especially
in areas where
quality sand for sandcrete block production is scarce and
expensive.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Walls are the basic element in the construction of most
buildings. They are often required to be load bearing, especially in low rise
buildings (1-2 upper floors).
Sandcrete blocks are the most commonly used unit in wall
construction in modern Nigeria and, indeed, the entire West Africa. The use of
laterite and other forms of walling units, for the construction of modern
residential buildings have not made much progress when compared to the use of
sandcrete blocks. The same can also be said of bricks. The major advantage of
sandcrete blocks is the ease of production and laying of the blocks
The structural properties of blocks of interest include
compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, modulus of
elasticity, shear modulus and split tensile strength. Others are density, fire
resistance, durability and thermal conductivity. These properties are dependent
to a very large extent on the relativeproportions of the constituents and the
method of production process.
Sandcrete blocks are traditionally made of cement, natural
river sand and water. The constituents are mixed and placed in a mould which is
removed immediately after compaction and leveling of the top. The newly
produced blocks are self-supporting; hence they are often referred to as zero slump
concrete. Individual blocks are joined together, after curing, to form walls
using cement-sand mortar. It is often the practice to partially replace the
sand portion with other materials such as laterite, coarse aggregate or quarry
dust.
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