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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED REFERENCE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The paper examines the design and implementation of a
computerized reference management system. The research project was carried out
to solve the referencing/plagiarism problem students undertaking their research
projects in universities, polytechnics and colleges of education face. The
research project covered four (4) major referencing styles namely; MLA, APA,
HARVARD and CHICAGO.
The researcher aimed at building a user friendly system where
students can easily enter information sources for accurate, fast citations
using the appropriate referencing style approved by their institutions. The
implementation of the system was achieved using PHP and MYSQL programming
languages.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Referencing simply refers to the process of citing or
documenting the sources of quotes, theories, ideas, illustrations and diagrams
used in writing a university research paper, essay, article, assignments etc
(Archibong, 2014). Referencing is an important task in the research writing
process, as acknowledgements and other necessary credits need to be given to
sources or authors where information is gotten from.
The function of references is to allow the reader to identify
the source of an idea or locate a quotation. They should therefore be clear and
consistent, and poor presentation may be penalized.
References should be numbered in the text and written out in
full at the bottom of the page as footnotes (Chernin, 1988).
You should reference every piece of evidence you use and
should also reference key ideas and approaches drawn from the secondary
literature.
Footnotes are not included in the word count, but you must
not include any material other than references to secondary or primary sources.
Any written material should go in the main body of the essay or dissertation.
You should also always reference the book/article/source/lecturein which YOU
discovered the information. Copying out someone else’s footnotes is
plagiarism (Laurens, 2009).
Reference management software, citation management software
or personal bibliographic management software is software for scholars and
authors to use for recording and utilising bibliographic citations
(Enrico,2013). Once a citation has been recorded, it can be used time and again
in generating bibliographies, such as lists of references in scholarly books,
articles and essays. The development of reference management packages has been
driven by the rapid expansion of scientific literature.
These software packages normally consist of a database in
which full bibliographic references can be entered, plus a system for
generating selective lists of articles in the different formats required by
publishers and scholarly journals. Modern reference management packages can usually
be integrated with word processors so that a reference list in the appropriate
format is produced automatically as an article is written, reducing the risk
that a cited source is not included in the reference list. They will also have
a facility for importing the details of publications from bibliographic
databases.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In recent years, the issue of plagiarism has been a dominant
concern for students especially in higher institutions of learning (Neville,
2007). Some students in Nigerian
Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of education find it difficult to
properly reference a source of information with appropriate referencing styles
approved by their institutions. However, there can be a fine line between
plagiarism and poor referencing practice, and learner development and support
units in further and higher education institutions report that students often
struggle to understand, not just the ‘how-to’, but the ‘when to’ and ‘why’
aspects of referencing.Â
Referencing sources in academic writing is such an integral
part of academic writing that academic practitioners do not always give it the
central attention it deserves.Â
According to Angélil-Carter (2000), some students see referencing or
citations as a formality, hence they do not take it seriously.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to design and implement a
computerized reference management system. Specific objectives of the study are:
To design a system that will take up citation projects and
store information sources in a secured manner.
To design a system that will enable users to reference
quickly and accurately with Modern Language Association (MLA) format.
To design a system that will enable users to reference
quickly and accurately reference with American Psychological Association (APA)
format.
To design a system that will enable users to reference
quickly and accurately using the Harvard referencing style.
To design a system that will enable users to reference
quickly and accurately using the Chicago referencing style.
SCREEN SHOTS OF THE APPLICATION
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will aid students in properly referencing or citing
information when writing any academic paper.
the study will contribute to the body of knowledge as it is
relatively new. Student researchers, who find the topic interesting, will use
the paper as a guide in developing other referencing systems.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the design and implementation of a
computerized reference management system, using PHP and MYSQL programming
languages. The implementation will cover four (4) major referencing/citation
styles namely: MLA, APA, CHICAGO and HARVARD.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Financial and time constraints were the major limitations to
the study. Financial obligations to get necessary software for the design
aspect of the project were a bit challenging.
Combining the research project with lectures was also
stressful on the researcher.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Reference: is a relation between objects in which one object
designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another
object.
Reference Management System: Reference management software,
citation management software or personal bibliographic management software is
software for scholars and authors to use for recording and utilising
bibliographic citations (references).
MLA: Modern Language Association
APA: American Psychological Association
System: a set of things working together as parts of a
mechanism or an interconnecting network; a complex whole.
Academic Paper: A research paper usually written at tertiary
institution.
REFERENCES
Angélil-Carter, S. (2000). Stolen Language? Plagiarism in
writing. Harlow: Pearson education.
Archibon, A.A (2014). Ref 101: The Nitty-Gritty Of
Referencing In Research.
Chernin, E. (1988). “The ‘Harvard system’: a mystery
dispelled”, British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988, pp. 1062–1063.
Enrico, F (2013). “Usage of Reference Management Software at
the University of Torino”. JLIS.it. University of Florence. 4 (1).
doi:10.4403/jlis.it-8679. Retrieved 29 June 2013
Laurens, M.E. (2009). Maturation, fecundation, and
segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney”, Bulletin of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Volume 6, p. 194.
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and
Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
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