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The Effects
of Rural-Urban Migration on Public Utilities
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
We live in a
world shaped by human migration. Everyday people make decisions to leave their
hometown, or even their own country and move elsewhere to work, study, retire
or reunite with their families. Migration has changed the demographic
composition of towns, cities and nations. Consider this for instance: in 1960
there were only 30 countries in the world that had at least a half million
international migrants each, but by 2005, the number of such countries doubled,
bringing the total number of such foreign-born residents globally to 191million
people. The majority (641 of 123 million people) of these international
migrants moved from less developed countries (PRB 2008). Millions of others
known as internal migrants, migrated from one place to another within a single
country.
Migration is
broadly defined as a relocation of residence for a specified duration and for
various reasons (Hossain, 2001). Migration incorporates all kinds of movement
of people for one place to another. It may take place within a particular
geographical boundary of a country and then beyond its boundaries. Rural–urban
migration is the movement of people from the country side to the urban centre.
Migration may be permanent in nature or temporary. People may choose to migrate
voluntarily or they may be forced into it. Both at the urban destination and at
the rural origin there are demographic, economic, socio-cultural and
environmental impacts of migration which is diverse and deep. The migration of
hundreds of millions of rural people to cities is as a result of both
institutional and structural changes caused by economic growth and social
modernization. It usually denotes movement of people from one area to another
in search of certain benefits that will fulfill recurrent dreams of “better
things to come.” In many cases, mobility in terms of migration to new pastures
with the hope that conditions would be better turns out unfruitful.
Migration is
not a new feature, neither is it limited to particularly parts of the world. It
is as old as the world itself. It has been one of the enduring themes of human
history. It has contributed to the evolution of separate cultures and their
components by interchanging communications with the frequent complexities that
mix people and cultures in different areas of the world. In this case, rural –
urban migration or labour migration is defined as the movement of able bodied
individuals from rural villages of origin to cities to earn labour wage
(Hunnas, 2012). Migrants are people who have left their homes to a new
location, either temporary or permanently in order to reap the benefits of
private social or economic gains (Adepoju, 2003).
Rural-urban
migration was formerly regarded as favourable in Economic development. Today it
has become one of the most embarrassing problems in Nigeria’s development experience.
It is the movement of people from rural areas into cities. However, experiences
in developing and developed countries has shown that the rate of rural-urban
migration has ceaselessly outweighed the rate of job creation; and having an
overweight also, the social and infrastructural amenities available in the
urban areas.
Rural-urban
migration occurs at varying rates in every country. Many developing countries
have a recent colonial past, which has tremendously altered their structure and
governance. The populations of countries around the world are becoming
increasingly urbanized. The process of urbanization continues to be more rapid
and massive, thereby challenging and affecting a greater part of the world than
ever before. The move from mainly rural society to an urbanized world has also
impacted on all aspects of human lives. In the 1950s less than one third of the
human race were living in cities, but by 2020, it is expected that two-thirds
will live in cities and 90 percent of this will be living in the cities of
developing countries, (Kante, 2004).
In spite of
the above noted situations, there is lack of sound knowledge and understanding
of rural-urban migration with respect to its effect on public utilities in Uyo
local government area. Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyze the
effects of rural-urban migration on public utilities in Uyo local government
area.
1.2
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Nigeria’s
urban population has been growing at an alarming rate. Nigerian towns and
cities are explosively growing in leaps and bounds. A little more than 50 years
ago, fewer than 7% of Nigerians lived in urban centres (that is settlements
with populations of 20,000 or more). This proportion rose to 10% in 1952 and
19.2% in 1963. It is now estimated at about 55%. In fact Nigeria cities are
among the fastest growing in the world (Adepoju, 2003).
The growing
concentration of population in urban centers is generally attributed to a
number of socio-economic and lifestyle conditions, such as the higher capacity
of the urban institutions to absorb more workers, avenues for a
non-agricultural means of livelihood and higher income generation
opportunities. Such rural–urban migration and population concentration within a
limited urban area exerts strains on the various public services and have
apparent negative social ramifications that impairs the living conditions of
the residents. It is accompanied by multiple problems and issues associated
with the movement of people and materials in larger scale. It also results in
rural depopulation and agricultural inefficiency because of the fact that the
aged ones that are left behind cannot produce enough food for rural consumption.
This
constant drift of thousands of people from rural areas have become a striking
problem to urban areas. Such problems can be seen from housing problems,
pollution, overcrowding and overstretched of available public utilities. It is
these spatial characteristics that are of importance to geographers and hence
forms the basics of this research.
1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
What are the
reasons as to why people migrate to Uyo local government area?
What has
been the results of such migration on public utilities in the study area?
1.4 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The overall
aim of this study is to examine the effects of rural-urban migration on public
utilities in Uyo Local Government Area, with the following objectives:
(1) To
determine the effects of rural urban migration on public utilities in Uyo Local
Government Area.
(2) To
identify the dominant migratory groups of migrants in the study area.
(3) To
examine the major determinant factors of rural-urban migration in Uyo Local
Government Area.
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
For the
purpose of this study, the hypothesis below is put forward to ascertain these
effects:
H0: There is
no significant effect of rural–urban migration on public utilities in Uyo Local
Government Area.
H1: There
is.
1.6 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The study
covers ten (10) villages in Uyo local government area of Akwa Ibom State as the
study area. It is about rural–urban migration of people. The research is on the
effect of rural–urban migration on public utilities in Uyo Local Government
Area.
1.7
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research is significant in that it will provide fresh and much needed inputs on
the possible effects of rural-urban migration on public utilities to policy
makers, planners and institutions of learning it will serve as a reference
material on issues that:
Tackles the
problems that force people to leave their rural origin, by bridging the
development gap between urban and rural areas through the introduction of sound
rural development strategies and effective urban management.
It will also
help to provide information for planners and policy makers to formulate and
implement population redistribution or migration policy.
1.8 STUDY
AREA
1.8.1
Location: Uyo Local Government Area is the capital city of Akwa Ibom State. It
is located on the South-Southern of the State. It lies between latitude 7º30’
and 8º03’ E and between longitude 4º52’ to 5º10’ N. It covers an area of about
985.96 square kilometers and comprises a total (see figure 1) 75 villages (Akwa
Ibom State edict No.12, 1988).
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