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IMPORTANCE
OF REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE IN MODERN BUILDING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Reinforced
concrete structures are one of the most popular structure systems. Many
architecture students are using reinforced concrete structure systems for their
designs. But there are many cases where they design structurally questionable
buildings because they are trying to express their design ideas with limited
knowledge about R.C. Design. Frequently the structural member design would not
be their primary focus. Although there is the possibility that excessive
structural considerations may disturbing their search for unique designs, basic
structural calculation is important for design. Structurally sound solutions
can make their design concepts closer to reality.
Unfortunately
most architecture schools concentrate their curriculum on visual design
education rather than a balanced education of design and structure. The
balanced education does not mean equal class time for structural and design
classes. But it is essential that students can at least discriminate that their
design has a reasonable structure. Many students use the commonly available
books on architectural graphic standards as a reference. But they are not
applicable to many different conditions. Furthermore, reinforced concrete
structures need a lot of calculations and different condition inputs because it
is a composite material of concrete and steel.
The
Reinforced Concrete Structure Design program (RCSD), which has been developed
for this thesis, can help architecture students and users to analyze their
designs and understand structural fundamentals. Although there are many
reinforced concrete structure programs, most programs are targeting advanced
level users who have a background in structural engineering.
The RCSD
program is for beginner level users such as architecture undergraduate and
graduate students with limited knowledge about structures. For this, it
provides a graphical input method and a step-by-step calculation procedure to
help users. With this program, it is possible for the user to design basic
structural parts such as slab, beam, column and footing. Also the program is
based on the American Concrete Institute Code. The ultimate goal of this
program is that users can analyse their own designs using this program and
determine structural proportions of their design idea.
Portland
cement concrete containing higher-strength, solid materials to improve its
structural properties. Generally, steel wires or bars are used for such
reinforcement, but for some purposes glass fibers or chopped wires have
provided desired results.
Unreinforced
concrete cracks under relatively small loads or temperature changes because of
low tensile strength. The cracks are unsightly and can cause structural
failures. To prevent cracking or to control the size of crack openings,
reinforcement is incorporated in the concrete. Reinforcement may also be used
to help resist compressive forces or to improve dynamic properties.
Steel
usually is used in concrete. It is elastic, yet has considerable reserve
strength beyond its elastic limit. Under a specific axial load, it changes in
length only about one-tenth as much as concrete. In compression, steel is more
than 10 times stronger than concrete, and in tension, more than 100 times
stronger.
During
construction, the bars are placed in a form and then concrete from a mixer is
cast to embed them. After the concrete has hardened, deformation is resisted
and stresses are transferred from concrete to reinforcement by friction and
adhesion along the surface of the reinforcement. Individual wires or bars
resist stretching and tensile stress in the concrete only in the direction in
which such reinforcement extends. Tensile stresses and deformations, however,
may occur simultaneously in other directions. Therefore reinforcement must
usually be placed in more than one direction. For this purpose, reinforcement
sometimes is assembled as a rectangular grid. Bars, grids, and fabric have the
disadvantage that the principal effect of reinforcement occurs primarily in the
plane of the layer in which they are placed. Consequently, the reinforcement
often must be set in several layers or formed into cages. Under some
conditions, fiber-reinforced concrete is an alternative to such arrangements.
See Composite beam, Concrete, Concrete beam, Concrete column, Concrete slab,
Prestressed concrete
1.2STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The
researcher come to notice that most of the building that get collapsed are
structures erected during the late 1980s, and these structures where not built
using reinforced concretes, unlike those that are designed and built even as
early as of 1900s have not even shown weakness and loss of strength. Going by
that analysis, the researcher seeks to create and analysis the importance of
using reinforced concrete in today’s modern building so as to erect structures
that can last the test of time and withstand every bit of effects against it.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The researcher
seeks to establish the essence of using a reinforced concrete in today’s modern
building, also, to make a comparative analysis of reinforced concrete and
concrete, the strength, loads and durability. With the use of reinforced
concrete on building, the following seems to be a characteristic of such
buildings which the researcher seeks to highlights its importance too.
1.High
relative strength
2.High
toleration of tensile strain
3.Good bond
to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors
4.Thermal
compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing
temperatures.
5.Durability
in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress.
1.4DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Reinforced
concrete: Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material in which concrete's
relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion
of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and/or ductility. The
reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars
(rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete
sets.
Concrete:
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a
fluid cement which hardens over time. Most use of the term "concrete"
refers to Portland cement concrete or to concretes made with other hydraulic
cements, such as ciment fondu. However, road surfaces are also a type of
concrete, "asphaltic concrete", where the cement material is bitumen.
PH: pH is a
measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7
indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water
RCSD:
Reinforced Concrete Structure Design program
Toleration:
Toleration in this study is the amount of time a reinforced concrete can
withstand the test of time and moisture
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