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AN APPRAISAL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN
NIGERIA 1999-2009
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Development is a necessary aspect of societies, indeed
any society without development could be said to be static. Hence all societies
are dynamic. Development as a term has been defined by many writers with
different views: – Ablu, (1982) viewed development as synonymous with economic
growth measured in aggregate terms. Abubakar (1981), sees development as
qualitative improvement in all societies and in all groups of individuals
within societies. He asserts that all men must surely have enough goods in
order to be men and to develop themselves. As defined by Forest (1981),
development is creating the condition for the realization of human personality.
He noted that development has to be marked with reduction in poverty,
unemployment and inequality a high level of nutrition, high health standard,
low infant mortality rate etc. From the above definitions of development, it
can be deduced that development is virtually changing the life of an
individual, group of people or community in terms of social amenities, such as
good health, good road, adequate and clean water, education etc.
Rural development as an exercise is geared towards a
specific field requiring thought and action on the government and the populace
which its effect is a socially conditioned one, meaning that it brings about
improved conscious relationship amongst individuals; groups and organizations.
According to Ndangara (2005), rural development efforts must be derived from
the needs and aspirations of the rural people and not necessarily in response
to the needs of the urban political economy such as unemployment, food
shortage, and rural urban migration. It entails a line up programme of actions
targeted at increasing the efficiency of the rural population to the extent
that there is rural steady power supply to the extent that standard of living
and productivity are enhanced, and education and the environmental sanitation
promotion are witnessed.
Basically therefore, rural development is concerned
with raising the quality of life of the low-income population living in rural
areas on a self-sustaining basis through a fundamental transformation of the
rural mode of production (Gana, 1986). Central to this transformation, is the
provision of rural infrastructure that are required to facilitate the
production, distribution, and consumption activities as well as enhance the
quality of rural life. Since the daily tasks of the rural people are carried
out on space, land is therefore basic to the viability of rural life, and a
comprehensive spatial reorganization of rural land through rural planning is of
paramount importance for the attainment of rural development objectives.
According to Abah (2000), rural development in Nigeria
dates as far back as the 1940s when projects known as Bamenda Cross River and
the Niger Agricultural scheme Mokwa, 1954, were launched. Abah cited above
says, since that period, successive impact of all the efforts are yet to be
fully felt in the rural areas. Supportively Olayiwola and Adeleye (2005)
asserts that, there is absence of infrastructure, which improves the quality of
life like potable water, electricity and good feeder roads. However, this situation
has made the rural settlement difficult for young school leavers.
In another development, rural development has been
mono-cultural field to agriculture which is the occupation of the rural
settlers thereby relegating other sectors of development needs of the rural
people to the background. In the words of Ndangara (2005:139), the process of
rural development is therefore synonymous with agricultural development but
agriculture cannot develop unless other rural development amenities are present.
On this note Abah (2005) succinctly put that: To many people, rural development
simply means agricultural development; to some it is primarily concerned with
welfare. These views are myopic because rural development should affect all
aspect of the economics, social and political lives of the people who inhabit
the rural areas and it should be relevant to the alleviation of all the
conditions associated with the rural sector. It is true that economic base of
the rural people is agriculture, but beyond food, they also need education,
employment, decent housing, medical care, electricity, roads, other means of
communication, entertainment, facilities for social interaction, etc.
Evaluation of rural development in Nigeria is
incomplete without the contribution of international organizations such as food
and agriculture organization (FAO) as the leading agency, international labour
organization (ILO) United Nation Education, Social and Cultural organization
(UNESCO), United Nations (UN) World health Organization (WHO) and World Bank.
These organizations have enhanced Nigeria rural Rural development in Nigeria:
problems and prospects for sustainable development through their technical
expertise in the field of education, extension and training which have continued
to strengthen the technical, physical and environmental bases to rural
development in Nigeria. Specifically, FAO and World Bank have been the main
sponsors and promoters of agricultural development formulation or irrigation
development programme, River basin and other developmental projects. FAO in
collaboration with UNESCO and United Nations Development programme (UNDP) have
disseminated information and knowledge about soil erosion and method of
controlling it, ILO and UNESCO have been in the area of training of the grass
root level extension workers and general education. World Health Organization
(WHO) has been active in the area of prorated of primary health care and
designing special programme for the delivery of such services.
It is worthy to note therefore that Government at all
times make attempts to develop the rural areas. These are seen in the lofty
goals set for the development of the rural settlements. Every successive
government will tends to explore new methods or ways to accelerate the development.
Akwa Ibom State having benefitted from the democracy now operating in Nigeria
also has to follow the laid down democratic procedures to get any programme
operating. A change in the policy thrust or direction of previous government or
administration implies that the administration will start afresh from the
beginning. This involves thinking out the best policy and sending them to the
State House of Assembly which will have to legislate on the said bill and
having been passed by the House, will be sent back to the Governor for assent
which will eventually becomes law and implementable. Thus, for such procedures
to be completed, time consuming which characterized our legislative proceedings
would have eaten deep into the live of the administration, thus leaving little
or no time for its implementation (Gana, 1986). Either the new government that
comes in will abandon such policies or where the government succeeds itself, it
will no longer visit such policies.
This had always been a major feature of the Nigerian
system be it at the national, state or local government levels. Lack of
continuity of government programmes has been the major challenge of the
Nigerian political development.
This paper is therefore set to explore the problem of
implementation of rural development programmes with a view to highlighting its
consequences on the rural inhabitants and also make useful suggestions on how
to handle the programmes.
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