INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG UNITY PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS, IN ORAIFITE, EKWUSIGO L.G.A., ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA.
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INTESTINAL
PARASITES AMONG UNITY PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS, IN ORAIFITE, EKWUSIGO L.G.A.,
ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA.
Abstract
A study was
conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among pupils in
Unity primary school in Oraifite, Ekwusigo Local Government Area, Anambra
State, Southeastern Nigeria. Dame Of the 462 surveyed pupils, 47.6% had
parasitic infection. Bloemeny Heren & Dame Seven intestinal parasites were
isolated; Ascaris lumbricoides (12.8%), Hookworm (7.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis
(4.8%), Trichuris trichiura (1.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (11.0%), Entamoeba
coli (6.7%), Giardia lamblia (2.8%). Prevalence rate was higher among (p >
0.5) males than females though not statistically significance. Pupils in the
age-group 10-14 years had the highest prevalence value (61.4%) while those in
age-group 5-9 years had the lowest prevalence value (24.1%). Dame Infection was
higher among those whose parents were farmers and traders than those of civil
servants. Dames Prevalence was also higher among nursery school pupils. Dames
Zwart Wit Health education, sanitation and mass chemotherapy should be
encouraged in order to control intestinal parasitic disease in the school.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal
parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-intestinal tract. They are
larger than bacteria and viruses but some of them are so small that one cannot
see them without a microscope. Intestinal parasitic infections have been
described as constituting the greatest single worldwide cause of illness and
disease. Numerous studies have shown that the incidence of intestinal parasites
may approach 99% in developing countries (Ambrose, 2001).
Intestinal
parasitic infections are among the most prevalent of human parasitic infections
worldwide (Jeliffe, 1966; Toriole, 1990; WHO, 1966). They had been long
recognized as an important health problem especially among Nigerian children
(Kow and Balasurbrama, 1986; Janes, 1974; Oduntan, 1974; Ajayi and Akinyinka,
1999; Olusi et al., 1975; Salimon 1980). Several epidemiological studies had
indicated a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among Nigeria
children (Salimon and Akinyemi, 1988; WHO, 1978, 1987; Graitcher, 1988).
The
involvement of protozoan agents in humans can be traced back to the 19th
century and these protozoa group constitute the highest group of parasites
known to be associated with diarrheal condition.
Originally,
the Coccidia parasites are known to be pathogenic mainly to some species among
lower animals, insects, birds and non-human primates (Beneson, 1995; Marshall
et al., 1997; Fryauff et al., 1999). Today, a newer Coccidian, C. cayetanensis
has now been added to the list of protozoan agents that can induce diarrhea.
Prior to 1979, when the first human case of cyclosporiasis was reported
(Ashford, 1979), only four genera of the coccidian were known to infect humans
and these are Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis (Clarke and
McIntyre, 1996). In the developed countries like the United State of America
(USA) and the United Kingdom (UK), where a lot of documentation exists, there
is a fair idea of the profile of parasitic pathogens. In USA, it is now a
common practice for stool samples submitted to the laboratory, to be first
screened for the presence commonest pathogenic parasites and when these are
absent, the screening for newer agents like C. cayetanensis is done
(Garcia-Lopez et al., 2000).
Soil-transmitted
helminthes (STH) or Geohelminthes are one of the most important groups of
infectious agents and are causing world’s major human health problems until
now. Four species of helminthes, namely, Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and
Necator americanus), Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura are primary
agents of STH, and estimated infected populations are 1.3 billion, 1.5 billion,
and 1.0 billion people, respectively (Crompton, 1999). Geohelminthes are more
important among children and in poor or malnourished populations in morbidity
and mortality. It was speculated that 15% of host population harbored 70% of
STH worm burdens (Bundy and de Silva, 1998). Inadequate hygiene, poor health
care systems and facilities, social indifference, social instability, civil
wars, and natural disasters make situations worse. Geohelminthes and poverty
are intimately linked in a vicious cycle in most developing countries. The DALY
(Disability-Adjusted Life Years) score of STH is around 4.65 million over the
world (Horton, 2003). However, priority of STH control is often neglected even
in wormy countries.
Four major
groups of intestinal parasite exist; they include single celled parasites
(Protozoa), flukes (Trematoda), tapeworms (Cestoda) and roundworms (Nematoda).
Each of these groups of parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes
two or more can cause infections at the same time. Parasites get into the
intestine through the mouth from uncooked, improperly cooked, unwashed food,
contaminated water and hands or by skin contact with larvae infested soil.
Infection with intestinal parasite could also be through oral sex.
When the
infective stages of the parasites are swallowed, they move into the intestine
where they can develop and cause disease (Endris, 2001).
Infection
with parasitic helminthes is often recognized as one of the important public
health problems in tropical inhabitants. Here, there exist over 2,000 million
helminthic infections, with about 15 million Nigerians suffering from
ascariasis alone, while there are several thousands with strongyloidiasis,
trichuriasis, enterobiasis, hookworm, tapeworm infections among others
(Edungbola and Obi, 1992). This indicates that the prevalence of and morbidity
from intestinal helminthiasis are enormous. Many parasitic infections, especially
those with helminthic origins are asymptomatic, could only produce mild or, in
a typical case, confusing symptoms (Anosike et al., 2006). Thus they are often
neglected until bizarre, serious or chronic clinical pictures are present. In
most rural communities, low standard of sanitation and poor socio-economic
conditions are obvious predisposing factors to high prevalence of human
intestinal helminthiasis (Gundiri and Akogun, 2000). Although several reports
exist in Nigeria on the mortality and morbidity of most intestinal helminth
parasites (Ogbe and Odudu, 1990; Dada et al., 1993), the much needed baseline
data on the level of endemicity of human intestinal helminthiasis especially on
the rural sectors are not easily recorded and do not exist (Ukoli, 1990).
Considering
the impact of parasitic infection among children; coupled with the fact that
there is no information on gastro-intestinal studies in Oraifite Community,
from which the present study is conceived. This study aims at the
identification of various intestinal parasites, which infect primary school
children, to determine the overall prevalence of infection and the pattern of
infestation in relation to age, sex, occupation of parents, and class- of the
pupils, and reports the results of the investigation on intestinal parasites in
school pupils in Unity Primary School, Oraifite, Anambra State, Southeastern
Nigeria.
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