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LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA. PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES (CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The quest for quality
leadership and good governance is the aspiration of citizens in most countries of the world. This
is because the task of harnessing scarce resources in pursuit of human and
national development is related to the quality and output of leadership (Richardson, 2008, P.3). The history of
the development of great nations suggests that versatile leaders played a vital
role in the transformation of their societies through good governance. Thus,
the quality of citizens’ life and the overall development of a nation is a
reflection of governance in the nation.
In United
States of America (USA) for example, Abraham Lincoln stands out because of the
courageous leadership he displayed during the 1861-1865 American Civil War
(Norton,
<http://home.att.net/rjnorton/Lincoln87.html>).This led to the
preservation of the Union, vindication of democracy and abolition of slavery.
These great feats were achieved by determination in pursuit of a more perfect
and equal Union (Ibid, P.17). Lincoln
eventually left a legacy being upheld in the USA till date as a good model of
democracy and enduring governance.
Similarly,
the unification of East and West Germany could be
credited to Otto Von
Bismarck, one of the most significant political figures in German history. His
efforts were fast-tracked by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who ensured the
enthronement of a federal system of government in a unified Federal Republic of
Germany in 1990 (Germany,
http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country-studies/germany/Government.html).
This was
considered cardinal to a stable
constitutional democracy and
good governance in the Country.
In
China, Mao Tse-Tung set the stage that transformed China from a peasant economy
to a major economic giant in the world. As a visionary leader, his primary
goals were to catch up and surpass the rest of the world in economy, sports,
science, technology and defence. Today, China is the fastest growing economy in
the world with an average annual growth rate of about 9 percent in the last 2
decades (Chow and Li, 1952-2010).
These accounts demonstrate that with visionary leadership and good
governance, a nation could experience remarkable improvement and success in its
overall development.
The
continent of Africa has also produced visionary leaders who have contributed
positively in the development of their countries. Nelson Mandela of South
Africa holds sway as one of the greatest figures of black emancipation with his
history of anti-apartheid struggle. Eventually, he was honored as the first
democratically elected President of South Africa in 1994 (Mandela,
1994, Pp. 746-747). His exemplary leadership symbolizes the
struggle of oppressed people around the world. He was able to steer South
Africa towards sustainable development and good governance ideals, epitomized
by smooth political transition.
In our
country, issues of leadership and good governance have been of great concern
since attainment of independence
in 1960. Despite abundant human and natural resources, corruption and
mismanagement of public wealth have hampered the pursuit of national development in the
Country (http://www.nationencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria.overviewofteheconomy.htm.).
Most Nigerian leaders are accused of lacking the requisite vision, passion and
character for political leadership (Dike,
2009). The consequence is that despite Nigeria rich resource endowment, she
has consistently ranked low in various international assessments on human
development and good governance.
The
United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (UNDP-HDI) in its
2007/2008 report ranked Nigeria 158 out of 177 countries (New Partnership for Africa’s Development, 2008, P.67). Nigeria was
also ranked 11 out of 16 in West Africa in the 2009 Ibrahim Index of
African Governance (IIAG) (Obi,
http://www.businessday). It is estimated that about 70 percent of 150
million Nigerians live below poverty level of less than one US Dollar per day (Nnebe, 1999-2007 Vol.2, P). These
low economic and development indices have been attributed to poor leadership
and absence of good governance in Nigeria.
In
this context, the leadership question’ vis-à-vis good governance has generated
series of topical discussions at different policy and academic fora. This
research is, therefore, motivated by the quest to address the question of leadership
and its implication on good governance in Nigeria for national development.
Thus, with a view to proffering measures that would strengthen leadership and
ensure good governance in the country.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since
1960, Nigeria has experienced persistent crisis associated with political
leadership which has adversely affected the outcome of governance. Issues like
problems of corruption, mismanagement of resources, coups and counter coups,
etc have frustrated and diminished the process and outcome of governance.
Consequently, many Nigerians lack access to basic health care, quality
education, potable water, electricity and other basic necessities of modern
life (Dike, 2009). Human and group
rights are threatened resulting in the growing worry and loss of confidence by
the citizenry in the Country’s political leadership.
Today,
Nigeria lags behind in various indicators of good governance and global
development trends (Ouagwu, 2002, P.99).
This has equally affected the country’s external image among other nations. In
view of the above problems, this research will address the following questions:
a. What is the
relationship between leadership and good governance?
b. What are the
effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999?
c. What are the
perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999?
d. What are the
issues associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria?
e. Has political
leadership provided good governance for national development?
f. What are the
prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards
national development?
g. What are the
factors that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since independence?
h. What are the
expectations on political leadership and good governance for national
development?
i. What
strategies can be adopted to ensure that leadership facilitates good governance
for national development in Nigeria?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
objective of this study is to examine the effects of leadership on good
governance in Nigeria for national development. Thus, with a view to
identifying the issues, challenges, prospects, strategies etc associated with
leadership and governance in Nigeria.
The specific objectives are
to:
a. Establish the
relationship between leadership and good governance.
b. Determine the
effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999.
c. Establish the
perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999.
d. Establish the
issues associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria.
e. Whether
political leadership provided good governance for national development.
f. Establish the prospects
associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards national
development.
g. Establish the
factors that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since
independence.
h. Establish the expectations on political leadership and good
governance for national development.
i. Proffer strategies that can be adopted to ensure leadership
facilitates good governance for national development in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study attempts to make the following assumptions:
a. There is a strong nexus between
leadership style and good governance.
b. That
democracy engenders good governance.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
importance of this study to Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized. It would be significant
for policy and academic purposes. It would aid political elite and policy
makers at federal, state and local government levels on issues affecting
leadership and good governance in the country. The study would help in
citizenship training of the Media, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), students
and indeed the entire Nigerian populace. It would be relevant to the academia
as a useful reference material and a catalyst that would stimulate further
studies on the subject.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
effects of political leadership on good governance for national development
have permitted national discourse since independence especially between 1999
and 2010. The time frame was chosen to enable the researcher examine the
effects of leadership on governance in Nigeria within democratic dispensation
in the ongoing Fourth Republic. However, reference was made to some recent
events on Nigeria’s political landscape that have bearing on the subject
matter.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
This
research work was impaired by some limitations. The key limitations were that
some individual earmarked for interview could not be reached due to their tight
schedules. Also, certain data could not be obtained from some offices due to
official restrictions or lack of such data. However, available secondary data
were utilized to ensure that the objectives of the research are realized.
Although, the data used were from reputable sources, the authenticity of their
findings might not be insulated from bias.
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