ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR
CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK
YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE
PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL
INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS
PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
ACUTE TOXICITY TEST ON RAT
USING METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LEAF OF CARICA PAPAYA: (INTRAVENOUS ROUTE)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION
AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2 MATERIALS
AND METHOD
2.1
PREPARATION OF THE METHANOL EXTRACT
2.2 ANIMALS
2.3
ADMINISTRATION OF THE EXTRACT TO RAT
2.4
DETERMINATION OF LD50
2.5 HISTOPATHOLOGIC
EXAMINATION
3 RESULTS
3.1 CLINICAL
SIGNS
3.2 LD50
3.3
HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS
4 DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
TABLE AND FIGURES
ABSTRACT
The acute toxicity of a methanol extract of the leaf of carica
papaya (1.2g/ml) was investigated in male rats (150- 227g). In acute
toxicity studies carried out in rats, LD 50 of the extract was
3675mg/kg after intravenous administration. Clinical signs of depression
(inactivity and anorexia), decrease in motor activity, analgesia and loss of
righting reflex were observed.
Histopathologic
examination showed inhibition or depletion of the glycogen storage and lipid
formation at a dose above 1556, 4 mg/kg.
It was concluded that methanol extract of the leaf of carica
papaya when given at a dose of 15556.4 mg (equivalent to 0.24g dried
leaf)/kg intravenously does not cause any death or toxic effects in rats.
A further study is required to confirm its efficacy in the
treatment of various conditions in folk medicine.
INTRODUCTION AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
The treatment given native
doctors and herbalists throughout Nigeria to their patients often includes the administration
of exudates of entire plants or extracts of the roots, stems, bark, leaves,
fruits, seeds, juice of local plants. Frequently neither the ‘’doctor’’ nor the
patient attributes the healing action to the plant itself. The ‘’doctor’’ may
say that he has discovered a plant with leaves or roots possessing a spirit is
not manifested until he has spoken some magic words or has chanted an incantation
over the plant (Oliver 1960).
Apart from the native doctors who treat the more
complicated and resistant cases, the more common ailments are treated by
ordinary people in the village; in most cases elderly women with some knowledge
of the local plats. In a number of cases also, the recovery of the patient may
be attributable to his faith or his natural resistance rather than to the
‘’doctors’’ skill. However parts of the plants have been shown to have real
therapeutic value (Tang, 1979). Extracts of the roots of Heptacyclum zenkeri
have been used as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of local infections
and veneral disease (Duah et al, 1981). Stem bark of Eucalyptus
maculate is used generally in the treatment of asthma and chronic
bronchitis (Mishra and Misra, 1980).
carica papaya (pawpaw) is a popular tropical and subtropical
fruit. It was originally a native of America but is now extensively grown in
all tropical countries including India (Dutta, 1979).
The plants are small, sparsely branched trees with soft
wood. The soft wood is formed largely from the phloem that gives the soft large
trunck much of its rigidity. The leaves are alternative, digitately lobed
or foliated and without stipules. The fruit is a berry and its latex contains
papain, an important protease (enzyme) used in tenderizing meat and also for
removing biological stains from fibrics (Gledhill, 1972).
The leaf of carica papaya has been used in
places like Mexico, Indonesia, India, Africa, Philippines and Ghana under
various conditions in folk medicine (Table 1). These conditions include Asthma,
Beriberi, Elephantoid growth, Foul wounds, kidney and bladder trouble, Nervours
pain and Epithellioma (Tang, 1979)
Several substances have been implicated in the
pharmacological effects of carica papaya. According to
Benzylglucosinolate
Benzyl isothiocyanate
Chloline
Carpaine
Pseudocarpaine
Dehydrocarpaine I
Dehydrocarpaine II
According to Weast et
al (1981), the organic constituents of the carica papaya
leaf are Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), B-carotine (Provitamin A) and Carpaine. The
presense of the carpaine alkaloid in the leaf of carica papaya is
of toxicological interest (Kucera et al, 1974). However two new
capaine analogues dehydrocarpaine I and dehydrocarpaine II have been isolated
from the alkaloid extract of the dried leaves of carica papaya
(Tang, 1979).
Carpaine (C28H50O4N2)
is a crystalline alkaloid found in the leaves of carica papaya
and a dies built by two identical halves, the carpaic acid molecules
(pelletier, 1970). Carpaine was isolated by Greshoff (1890). It has a melting
point (M.P) of 1211oc and a boiling point of 215 -2350C
(vacuum). It is also soluble in alcohol but only slightly soluble in water
(Tang, 1979).
It has been reported that carpaine is essentially a heart
poison capable of lowering pulse frequency and depressing contral nervous
system (Heary, 1974). Tuffley and williian (1951) had earlier reported that
carpaine reduces the contractile power of the heart.
The effect of carpaine on the circulatory function has been
recently studied at the medical school University of Hawaii, it was found that
carpaine has a dose dependent effect on lowering the blood pressure and heart
rate of the rat (Tang 1979).
This study on acute
toxicity test will reveal the toxic effects produced by a single dose of a
methanol extract of the leaf of carica papaya in rats. The use of
rats in this investigation is based on convenience and availability.
Species differences cosntiturte the single largest
difficulkty in the interpretation of toxicity testing. In most circumstancves
too little is known about the way differing animal species react to toxic
chemicals for it to be possible to give any logical reason for choosing one
species rather than another (Paget and Barnes, 1964)
All laboratory toxicity studies are directed towards a
single objective: the safe use of the candidate substance in man. This
objective has never been fully realized because the available laboratory tests
are incapable of detecting certain types of toxic manifestations which occur in
man.
Since this plant carica papaya is readily
available in many localities in Nigeria including Port Harcourt, the
possibility of using it as cheap and readily available drug for the above named
diseases has to be considered.
As part of the safety evaluation of the leaf of carica
papaya this study was undertaken to determine the lethal dose: LD50
(that is the dose that will kill 50% of the rats used) together with doses
producing specific toxic effects using the methanol extract of the leaf of carica
papaya.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT
WORK
PLEASE, print the following
instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written
material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT
MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate
amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name
(4)
Teller Number
We will
send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 3139283609
Bank:
FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment