SOCIAL INTERVENTION IN THE PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STREET BEGGING AMONG CHILDREN IN BENIN CITY
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SOCIAL
INTERVENTION IN THE PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STREET BEGGING AMONG
CHILDREN IN BENIN CITY
Abstract
The study investigated the prevalence and consequences
of street begging among adults and children in Benin city, Nigeria and its
implication for counselling. Descriptive survey was adopted for the study, four
research hypotheses were designed to guide the study. One hundred respondents
were sampled from the four selected wards of the town. Data were collected
through a well structured questionnaire by four experts in the field of the
title. Chi-square (X2) and Rank order statistical analysis were used as data
analysis. It was found that all the four hypotheses were rejected showing Age
as significant factor in street begging. Beggars at different ages engaged in
street begging in which adolescent have the highest population of 32%.
Significant relationship was revealed between the age of beggars, perception of
consequences of street begging, socio-economic background and begging..
Advocacy campaign, constant sensitization, counselling on need for sound
education and entrepreneurial education
were the implications for counseling.
Among recommendations made were government
to prevent economic hardship, provide free education at all levels and
job for all.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
One social problem that has been an age-long issue,
and serious concern to well meaning Nigerians is street begging. The problem of
begging is widespread in Nigeria and seen as global problem. Broun (2010) said
begging as an antisocial behaviour observed in almost all nations of the world
especially in developing nations. It involves asking for what the beggar does
not have or favour. Street begging anywhere is a national disease that eats
into the fabrics of the social, economic, religion, political and educational
structures. In other words, it is apparently an indictment on the quality of
governmence in many societies (Usoro, 2007).
In Nigeria, the history of the street begging in
uncertain but it is known that street begging has seen in existence even before
the country gained her independence. According to the Amman (2009) “Mabaretas”
who are professional beggars contributed immensely to the widespread of begging
in Nigeria. “Mabarates” are those that live by asking people for money.
Begging has been common since the existence of human
civilization and has many different variables and
causes within different cultural contexts.
Begging has happened in most societies around the
world, although its prevalence and exact form varied.
Begging had noticed in Greece about 8th to 6th
countries ago among the early middle ages and the byzantine era
(Johnny, 2008). According to Alan (2010), the
phenomenon of street children has been documented as far back as 1848. In
Sovlent Russia, The issue of abandoned Children was documented between 1918 and
1920, while the industrial revolution in England has in the 1800s. it has at
this time that street children became a feature of the streets of Dublin albelt
at different.
What Then Is Street Begging?
Begging is the
practice of imploring others to grant a favour, which could be inform of gift
like money, clothes or food with no expectation of reciprocation or refund.
Street begging is defined as the act of requesting for money, food or other
forms of favour without an exchange in a public place and in the street where
people frequently pass by.
Wikipedia
(2010) defined street begging as a practice whereby a person obtains money,
food, shelter or other things from people he/she encounter in public place by
request without return. From chukwulobe (2011) street begging is seen as an act
of stopping people on the street to beg for assistance which could either be in
the form of giving money or food. It often occurs for the purpose of securing a
material benefit, generally for a gift donation or chairtable donation (John,
2010). Form Balogun (2012) A street beggar is a person who relies on the
financial graces of strangers without providing food or services in return,
though it is just as much work as a wage job.
Beggars can be
categorized based on their appearance and techniques or mode of begging. Based
on their appearances, they can be categorized into three groups; which include.
(a) Professional beggars who find themselves in this
trade on the grounds of physical disability (b) Those who street-beg on account
of old age
(c) Those who voluntarily force themselves into the
begging class.
Based on their techniques of begging, they are also
categorized into three, which include:
(a) Passive
Begging: This type involve in person either sitting or standing in one place
with songs or receptacle entreating donations.
(b) Active
Begging: This type of beggars move from place to place with their receptable
soliciting money, gifts and
(c) Aggressive
Begging: This technique is one which harsh words and intimidations are used in
soliciting for help (Burke 1999), Horn and Cooke, (2001) ).
In Nigeria, street begging according to Amman (2009)
Is more in the Northern parts of Nigeria. This is because of the adopted system
of Almajiri by the Muslims for religious reasons. From Esobonu (2010) the
population of beggars in Nigeria Street is growing exponentially. Today their
presence in the streets of Benin city in Northern part of Nigeria is recognized
to be a serious problem that requires urgent redress.
In Benin city as Esobonu (2012) emphasized, boys
between eight and nineteen years go about with plates to beg for food and money
by reciting a slogan which is very common among beggar “Sada-ka-Sabo-da-Allah”
meaning “give because of God”. This is heart breaking.
Form the census carried out by Kano
State government in 2003, 1,486, 000 beggars were identified in kano. The
figures are included in the 115 million figures of young Almajiri beggars of
Kindergarten age who sleep in open residential areas of who also roam round the
ancient city barefooted. They are seen loitering cafeterias waiting for
leftovers, Sokoto state has 1.1million Almajiri, Kaduna has 824, 233, Borno has
389,049 (Adelowo, 2010). A 2013 survey indicated that the population of
Almajiri (beggars) in Nigeria stood at 12.4 million. The North West zone hosts
5.1 million, the North-East Zone 3.5 million, North-Central Zone 1.6 million,
Southwest zone 7,600, South-South and Southeast zones has 9,228 and 8,200
respectively.
The Almajiri in
the North are denied of parental care and they form the majority of the beggar
population (Onoyase, 2013).
Begging is an activity that occurs in major cities and
towns. Beggars are seen in every open space where there are many people around.
Some like to whisper, some ask in their local languages, some begin trade, some
yell to the people, some do not talk but, open their outstretched hands while
looking at you with pitiful eyes. They do all these because they want people to
give them money or other valuable items or even food.
Many societies of the world frown at begging on the
street. Nigerian Government is on its clear off beggars on the streets
programme as noticed in many states in Nigeria. The Cameroons local council in
Yaonde abruptly are arbitrarily engaged in arresting and rounding off beggars
and panhandlers off the streets and off the major road way in an efforts to
curb what the city council describe as a public nuisance and an inconvenience.
In India as emphasized by Namwata (2010) begging has
been prohibited by law in various jurisdictions. In Canada, the province of
Ontario introduced its safe streets Act in 1999 to restrict specific kinds of
begging. In Romania Law 61 of 1991 forbids the persist of call for the mercy of
the public by a person, which is able to work. In Japan homelessness is common,
such people rarely beg. In Portugal, panhandlers normally beg in front of
Catholic Churches, at traffic lights or on special places in Lisbon.
(http:/www.biblestudytools.2011).
Begging is not
illegal in Portugal. Many social and religious institutions support homeless
people and panhandlers. The Portuguese social security normally gives them a
survival monetary subsidy.
From Johnny (2010), begging in Luxembourg is legal
except when it is indulged in as a group or the beggar is a part of an
organized effort. Begging has been legal in Finland since 1987 when the poor
law was invalidated. But in 2003, the public order Act replaced any local
government rules and completely decriminalized begging.
In United
Kingdom, begging is illegal and in United State, in part of San Francisco,
California aggressive panhandling is prohibited.
According to
Jackson (2002), some advance communities reduced street begging because of
concerns that people begging on the street may use the money to support alcohol
or drug abuse. As such, those wishing to give beggars can rather give gift
cards or vouchers for food or service and not cash.
Reason For
Begging
Spielvogel (2008) mentioned that long tradition of
spiritual beggars in India simply beg as means to obtain material wealth. There
are other many circumstance, which force individual to take to street begging.
National Planning Commission (NPC) in 2004 noted that street beggars manifest
in Joblessness, over-indebtedness, economic dependence, inability to provide
basic needs for self and family, lack of access to land and credit
facility, inability to save own assets,
among others, Wolf (2005) reported that people who beg do so in order to meet
subsistence needs while Quidix (2010) from his survey, revealed that 88% of his
respondents indicated adequate nutritional needs, needs for accommodation 53%,
Alcohol dependency 41%, healthcare 29%. One can deduce from this study that
poverty is the main factor associated with street begging.
The poverty in Nigeria according to Elombah (2011)
increased from 27% in 1980 to 66% in 1996, 1999 increased to 70%, by 2011 it
was estimated that more than 85% of Nigerians live in poverty Elombah (2011)
also said that, research carried out by an NGO called NAPED showed figures on
the incidence of poverty in the six geopolitical zones in the country, which
include from North-West 74% of the people are poor and they live on less than
one dollar a day; in the North-East the poverty rate is 78%; North-Central the
poverty figure is 70%. By contrast in the South-West the poverty rate is 28%,
the South-South 30% while the South-East of Nigeria has poverty rate of 23%. It
could be vividly seen from the above that, the Northern part of the country has
the largest percentage of poverty rate, this has become a source of concern and
worry in Nigeria.
Middle-aged and
older people are seen reclining tiredly on mats spread in streets corner and
are beggars with no discrimination to gender.
Asia
pacific Bureau for Adult Education (Ammani, 2006) observed that, most beggars’
are-illiterates who
lack skills needed for enhancing their human
development and empowerment. This illiteracy impacts feelings of worthlessness
and lack of confidence to face challenges; hence they live at the mercy of
others through begging.
Street begging is believed to be carried out by the
homeless, physically challenged and poor people. However, some able bodied
people who instead of doing some graceful work, undertake to begging as their
profession.
Street begging
has fatal consequences. Street begging is indictment on the quality of
governance in many societies. Apart from the strain that begging places on
beggars, other factors impact negatively on their health and personality. These
include:- Exploitation, sexual abuse, contact of HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases. Some female beggars end up with unplanned pregnancies.
More so, due to poverty many beggars in the street are at the risk of being
kidnapped and forced into prostitution. Usoro et al (2007) opined that many
street beggars risk being run over by careless drivers and many are victims of
police torture and brutality.
In addition,
street beggars could be willingly fools in the hand of disgruntled individuals
to forment troubles in the society. Many are found with dangerous weapons, many
are lured into kidnapping business and some are easily recruited as armed
robbers and other social miscreants (Nigeria News update, 2009).
1.2 Statement of The Problem:
Street begging
has been a social ill across the globe. Arewa youth mobilization (2012) said,
10million child beggars in Northern Nigeria with 15-20 million unschooled and
unemployable.
1.3 Research
Questions:
- How
prevalence is street begging?
- What are
the reason, the consequences and remediation for street begging?
1.4 Research Hypothesis:
1- There is
no significant relationship between the age of beggars and prevalence of street
begging in Benin city, Nigeria.
2- Socio-economic
background is not a significant factor among beggars and their reasons for
street begging in Benin city, Nigeria.
3- There is
no significant relationship between beggars and the society in their perception
towards the consequences of street begging in Benin city, Nigeria.
1.5 Purpose Of The Study
- To
investigate the prevalence of street begging on the street of Benin city,
Nigeria.
- To find
out the consequences of street begging on the perpetrators and the society at
large.
- To
detect the possible counselling implications and remediating strategies to
curbing the menace in Nigeria streets.
- There
are no significant difference between the perception of beggars and the society
on how to remediate street begging manace in Benin city.
1.6 The Significance Of The Study
The study is of great significant because it will
further sensitized the Government, the counsellors, the
public and other stakeholders to the rapid influx of
beggars to Nigeria streets. To let them see it as very serious problem on the
socio-economic, health being and country’s image. The remediating strategies
provided would be of food assistance.
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