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TRANSPARENCY
INTERNATIONAL AND THE CHALLENGES OF CORRUPT PRACTICES IN NIGERIA 2000-2010
ABSTRACT
The
main objective of this work is to access and evaluate transparency
international and challenges of corrupt practices in of Nigeria since 2000-2010 . Transparency
international, briefly (TI), is a non-governmental organsiation with seat,
acting world-wide, in Berlin which engages itself in national and international
people and economical corruption fight and raising the awareness of it. This
includes, but not limited to political corruption, it publishes yearly its
corruption perception index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.
Also
to understand the negative impact on the economy growth and development of
Nigeria. Different types of corruptions will be looked into and how Nigeria was
created by the international community during the era of General Sani Abacha
from 1993 – 1998. How prominent Nigerian lost their lives and freedom during
this era.
Political
Corruption as a social malaise has become a ubiquitous in every society of the
world. The danger posed by it has brought to many countries unmitigated
disaster to both the economy and political systems. Nigeria is not left out in
the danger posed by this phenomenon. This work however centres on the political
corruption and the dilemma of democracy in Nigeria’s fourth republic pointing
out the shameless practice of corruption during the fourth republic.
The
global increase in the cases of corruption is as a result of social disorganization
has been perceived to be perverted deviation from the norms of a given society
in the execution of developmental programmes or social duty where respective
societies have striven to eradicate or reduce to the minimum level. Various
people from different levels of life exhibit corruption. This paper shall
examine the growing cases of corruption in Nigeria, causes of corruption, the
effect of corruption in Nation building, it will also examine the role been
played by various law enforcement agencies in solving these pandemic situation.
The will finally, examine possible solution and with a moral song towards the
reduction of corruption menace in our contemporary society.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
growing clamour for democratic transitions that swept through the entire
African continent in the 1990s subsequently gave birth to a wave of competitive
multiparty election thereby challenging authoritarianism, military rule and
one-party regime in virtually all African States with a view as
Nyirabu(2002:99) put it “widening the space of democracy”. Such democratic
transitions have however not limited to African countries alone. A writer has
properly put this when he stated that: ‘In the coming years, more countries
will undoubtedly move toward democracy and some democratic transitions will
occur (Huntington, 1996:5). This prediction many years ago came into reality.
Paradoxically, Nigeria’s
democracy especially the one that commenced from May 29, 1999 was born with
persistent ethnic and religious tensions, growing religious conflict, depressed
economy and marginalisation among others. Of these problems, no one is more
intractable and more threatening to the future of Nigerian democracy than
political corruption. Thus a statistical index on 85 countries, covering all
the continents of the world from Transparency International showed that,
Nigeria and Tanzania occupied the fifth position (Eke, 1999: 5). While this was
so in 1999, by 2004 the same Transparency International ranked Nigeria as the
third most corrupt country in the world (Adesina, 2004:16). Both internal and
international observers have rated Nigeria as the most corrupt country in the
world, deserving a pride of place in the Guinness Book of Records (Umukoro,
2008:67). Nuhu Ribadu, a former head of the Economic and Financial Crime
Commission (EFCC) alerted the nation that as many as 31 former governors out of
36 have a case to answer on corruption (Adesina, 2008: 28). The issue is so
appalling in Nigeria that in another development, Ribadu revealed how
politicians siphoned over $10bn from Nigeria monthly (Farotimi, 2010: 7).
Analysts of political
corruption in the Third World have regarded this monster as the single most
important obstacle to economic development and political integration (Tignor,
1993: 175). In fact, the British Government became increasingly worried after
the World War II and resultantly claimed that the transfer of power which could
guarantee political independence to Nigeria should be slowed down because of
the rate of political corruption. Tignor (1993, 176) further claimed that, of
the problems such as thuggery in politics, lack of commitment to democratic
ideals, ethnicity, and bureaucratic incompetence and inexperience that surfaced
in the 1950s, political corruption rose to subsume all of them and therefore
become the emblematic defect of the fledgling republic.
This monster called political
corruption has continued to cripple successive government in Nigeria. The First
Republic (1960-1966) became the victim of political corruption as state
contracts and loan programmes were systematically milked to enrich elected
officials. The period of the Nigerian Civil War was not in any way better. This
period which coincided with the Gowon’s administration became an era of open
display of corrupt practices as some Government functionaries were exposed.
Gowon’s style of eradication of corruption woefully failed as a commission of
inquiry appointed by General Murtala Muhammed after his assumption to power by
August 1975 coup convicted ten of the country’s twelve military governors of
diverting funds totalling over $20million (Diamond, 1991: 74).
Although there had been no government in Nigeria that had
demonstrated a strong will to fight corruption between 1975 and 1979 than
Murtala/Obasanjo administration, this notwithstanding it was unable to rid the
society of this disease by the time it handed over power to the civilian
politicians in October1979.The beginning of the Second Republic marked another
resurgence of political corruption that surpassed the previous regimes. Thus
Western diplomats and economists unofficially estimated the private wealth
exported by top government officials in the Second Republic at between $5 and
$7 billion (Diamond, 1984: 908). By December 31 when the military took over and
arrest of politicians was made, million of naira were found in cash in the
houses of these corrupt politicians. In fact, the magnitude of corrupt
practices that pervaded the entire republic earned the period the golden age of
corruption (Adamolekun, 1985: 88).
With all intents and purposes
to fight against political corruption, the Buhari/Idiagbon government could not
do much because the regime’s disregard to due process discredited its campaign
against political corruption. The advent of Babangida’s no doubt heightened
corruption in the country. Babangida who claimed to be the messiah of the
country soon fell victim of corrupt practices as he was accused of large cash
gifts to military officers, cabinet ministers, traditional rulers, and
potentially contentious opponents; of Mercedes Benz cars given to major
newspaper editors and directors of state broadcasting corporations; of the
president’s secret personal investments in banks and companies; of off the book
oil being lifted offshore by private tankers (Diamond, 1991: 76). It was this
tempo of corrupt practices that besmeared the Third Republic.
The
rise of public administration and the discovery of petroleum and natural gas
are two major events seen to have led to a litany of ignoble corrupt practices
in the country. Over the years, the country has seen its wealth withered with little
to show in living conditions of the average human being. A Nigerian political
leader, Obafemi Awolowo raised a salient issue when he said, since
independence, our governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for the
strongest and most cunning to milk, Under those circumstances everybody runs
over everybody to make good at the expense of others. The pervasive corruption
has been blamed on colonialism. According to this view, the nation's colonial
history may have restricted any early influence in an ethical revolution.
Throughout the colonial period, most Nigerians were stuck in ignorance and
poverty. The trappings of flash cars, houses and success of the colonists may
influence the poor to see the colonist as symbols of success and to emulate the
colonists in different political ways.
Involvement
in the agenda of colonial rule may also inhibit idealism in the early stage of
the nascent nation's development. A view commonly held during the colonial days
was that the colonists property (cars,houses,farms etc.) is not "our"
property. Thus vandalism and looting of public property was not seen as a crime
against society. This view is what has degenerated into the more recent
disregard for public property and lack of public trust and concern for public
goods as a collective national property.
Petty
corruption is reportedly widespread and surveys indicate that it is very hard
to do business in Nigeria without having to pay facilitation payments to public
officials. Companies should note that property rights, contracts and
commercials disputes can be difficult to enforce and settle in Nigerian courts
due to corruption, inefficiency and under-staffing. Tax administration lacks
transparency that has led either to high levels of tax evasion or tax officials
demanding bribes in return for lower tax rates. The police are perceived to be
one of the most corrupt institutions in Nigeria, and X Squad, the disciplinary
body responsible for investigating corruption inside the police is reportedly
corrupt themselves as well.
Corruption in Nigeria is not a unique
phenomenon. Its causes as well as its remedies are similar to those of other
countries throughout the world. Although global experience has proven that the
fight against corruption cannot be efficient or effective without the backing
of relevant legal frameworks, experience has also proven that legal frameworks
are not enough without strong political will and civil society participation.
Various anti-corruption attempts by both military and civilian federal
governments in Nigeria are a case in point. In dealing with the social virus of
corruption almost total failure has resulted, illustrating the need to go
beyond legal frameworks. As President Olusegun Obasanjo argues in his paper,
“Nigeria: from pond of corruption to island of integrity,” Nigeria, right from
independence in 1960, has always had enough laws to address the problem of
corruption in the country.
1.2
PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
One
of the pertinent issues in Nigeria today is the focus on one of the greatest
impediment to good governance and sustainable development corruption.
In recent times, corruption has as an
issue taken the front burner in development discourse worldwide.
Since 1996, the World Bank has supported
more than six hundred (600) anti–corruption programmes and governance
initiative developed by its member countries.
Especially in 1999, the World Bank
institute budgeted a whopping $7.5million to fight corruption (Polzer, 200:2;
Tesh, 1991:1).
Ironically, the global financial body
was embroiled in scandalous dealings that led to the removal of its chairman.
This goes to show the obvious relevance
corruption has to sustainable growth and development.
The world’s major religions in their
holy books are concerned with the evil of corruption amongst the rich and
powerful, and prescribed rules for punishing perpetrators and the wiping out of
corrupt acts.
The Qu’ran chapter 83, warmed believers
against the fraudulent and corrupt practices of the Arabian society in the
pre-Islamic era (Olurode, 2003:3).
The Holy Bible in proverbs (22:8, 11:20
and 13:11) (Olurode 2005:3) admonished
the people about corruption and its consequences, promising perpetrators that
they would be losers on judgment day.
Accountability is typically weak in
Nigeria because the county is ripe for corruption and rife with it.
The motivation to earn extra income is
extremely strong, worsened by poverty and low and declining civil services
salaries.
Thus, corruption has become a cankerworm
in the political system, stifling it of its potential sustainable growth.
In spite of these
efforts, the level of corruption is still of serious concern and remains the
greatest challenge. Majority of Nigerians are yet to buy into the anti
corruption programme of the Federal Government, particularly at the state and
local government levels. Consequently, the negative consequences of the endemic
corruption continue to impede development and threaten security of lives of the
citizenry. Poverty, unemployment, insecurity of life and property and decaying
infrastructure are the common features which are largely attributable to the
high incidence of corruption which has reached an endemic level.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To evaluate
transparency international and
challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.
2. To examine political corruption
and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from
Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section
considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.
3. To know the latest Transparency International Corruption
Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of
147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
4. To review the dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
5
To identify the inherent nature of transparency
international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010
To
assess the effect of transparency international and corrupt practices on
Nigeria’s development.
6. To appraise the activities of the EFCC.
7.
To ascertain if the EFCC has succeeded
or failed in its quest to wipe out corruption in Nigeria.
The
strategy (2011-2020) promotes a three phased approach with an initial focus on
(1) strengthening the capacities of the dedicated anti-corruption and public
accountability bodies, followed by (2) mainstreaming of anti-corruption and
governance principles into the work of the MDAs and finally by (3)
strengthening accountability, integrity and transparency at the State and local
government levels, the private sector and the society at large.
The
implementation of the strategy is to be in three overlapping phases with some
of the interventions at the three phases running concurrently.
A
strong monitoring and evaluation system is to be put into place with a view to
ensuring that individual MDAs prioritise and fulfil their obligations under the
strategy and that the public, the private sector and the international
community are informed of and involved in the assessment of progress.
The
strategy galvanises and reaffirms the unwavering commitment of the Federal
Government of Nigeria in the fight against corruption by creating a single
vision and a shared sense of purpose by those tasked to prevent and combat
corruption on behalf of all Nigerians.
it help design and implement system
for financial and administrative oversight of grants and project of the
Americas Department (one country and multi-country) and provides administrative
and logistical support to two senior programmed
co-ordinators;
2. being the lead co-ordinator, including
financial and administrative management and monitoring of activities and result
of the grants provided to TI nations in the Americas through the TI
Anti-corruption. Delivery change (AD:DC) global programmes; and
3. Provide lead logistical supervision and
co-ordination of key regional meetings.
The works of Transparency
International is around and demand in population; enterprises and politics. In
order to arrange for example the annual corruption index of the countries
questionnaires provided with questions how; Which sector are according to their
opinion affected particularly by corruption? (with a valuation of 1 (corrupt
free) to 5 (particularly corrupt) as strongly their life is affected by
corruption? (with valuation scale 1 (not at all) totally).
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.What are the
transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria?
2. How one examine the political corruption and its dilemma on
Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic
beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua
administration and corruption in Nigeria?
3. What are the latest Transparency International Corruption
Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of
147 countries that were assessed in 2007?
4. What are the dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015?
5.
Is possible to identify the inherent
nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since
2000-2010?
6.
What are the effects of transparency international and corrupt practices on
Nigeria’s development?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESI
H0: There is no
significant relationship between transparency international and challenges of
corrupt practices in Nigeria.
H1: There is a
significant relationship between
transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in
Nigeria.
H0: One cannot examine the political corruption and its dilemma on
Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic
beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua
administration and corruption in Nigeria.
H1: One can examine the political corruption and its dilemma on
Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic
beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua
administration and corruption in Nigeria.
H0: There is no latest Transparency International Corruption
Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of
147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H1: There is a latest Transparency
International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most
corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H0: There are no dimensions of
corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if
adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum,
and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
H1: There are dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its
implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically
reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources
are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
by 2015.
H0:
It is impossible to identify the
inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian
since 2000-2010.
H1:
It is impossible to identify the
inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian
since 2000-2010.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY.
1. A
study of this nature will primarily create awareness to the school management
on the effect of corruption and mismanagement on public expenditure in Nigeria.
2. To
provide basic information on the effect of corruption and mismanagement and the
role of EFCC in combating it.
3. To
prevent and give guidelines to the corrective measures to be carried out.
4. To
arouse the workers and staffs towards efficient devotion of themselves to their
mission.
5. The
study will also create awareness to the government on the evils of corruption
and mismanagement and to look for necessary ways of combating the crime
effectively.
6. It
also helps to assist management to improve and adopt strategies to reduce
corruption and mismanagements in various institutions.
7. The
result of corruption and mismanagement is dangerous, deadly and cannot be
over-emphasized.
8. A
study of this nature aim at erasing this “cancer” (Corruption and
mismanagement) that runs in our veins, and call us order for the betterment of
the mankind and for the upliftment of the -country in general.
9. Teenagers
and generations unborn will be very free from this contagious disease
(B&C), if the government and the entire populace will mount an
implementable strategies of effectively combating the crime.
10.
The workers would also
find this work very beneficial, as they consult it whenever they need such
related information.
1.7 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on
transparency international and the challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria 2000-2010
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite
the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the
research of this project. Some of the
constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME:
This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work.
Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to
give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE:
Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant
prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The
researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS:
Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining
necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business
organization and even government agencies. The members of transparency
international find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The
primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the
published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which
was not easy.
Although these problems placed limitations on the
study, but it did not prevent the
researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the
subject matter.
1.10
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transparency
international: Transparency international,
briefly (TI), is a non-governmental organsiation with seat, acting world-wide,
in Berlin which engages itself in national and international people and economical
corruption fight and raising the awareness of it. This includes, but not
limited to political corruption, it publishes yearly its corruption perception
index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.
Corruption
is a social problem that has interested many scholars. Ruzindana (1999) asserts
that corruption in Africa is a problem of routine deviation from established
standards and norms by public officials and parties with whom they interact. He
also identifisd the types of corruption in Africa as bribery, private
gain, and other benefits to non-existent
workers and pensioners (called ghost workers).
Crime; Is
simply defined as offence for which there is severe punishment by law.
B
& C; Corruption
and mismanagement
WAIC War Against Indiscipline &
Corr
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