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PREDICTION OF THE DEW
PINT PRESSURE OF A GAS CONDENSERATE RESERVOIR
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of study
Gas Condensate Reservoir is
a reservoir having low-density mixture of liquid hydrocarbons that are present
as gaseous components in the subsurface (in the reservoir). It is important to
recognize that some gas condensate reservoirs show condensate dropping out
within reservoirs, as well as condensate production at the surface due to
pressure falling below the dew-point during production. This condensate
accumulation in the reservoir initially remains immobile due to interfacial
forces between it and connate water within the pores of the formation until its
saturation level reaches a threshold value and becomes mobile.
Initially,
the gas-condensate is totally gas in the reservoir. As reservoir pressure
decreases, the gas condensate exhibits a dew-point. The dew-point of a gas
condensate fluid occurs when a gas mixture containing heavy hydrocarbon is
depressurized until liquid is formed, that is, a substantial amount of gas
phase exists in equilibrium with an infinitesimal amount of liquid phase. A
pressure is reduced; liquid condenses from the gas to form free liquid in the
reservoir. Normally, there is no effective permeability to this liquid phase
and it is not produced. If the pressure continues to decrease, a second
dew-point will be reached and the liquid can be re-vaporized. This lower
dew-point pressure is usually well below the reservoir abandonment pressure;
thus it would be of no interest in reservoir performance.
By
definition, dew-point pressure is
simply the pressure at which an infinitesimal amount of liquid is in
equilibrium with a large quantity of gas. the pressure below which liquid
condense out of the gaseous phase.
A phase behaviour can be
defined as the characteristics (changes in phase) exhibited by the gas when
subjected to different temperature-pressure conditions.
During production, the
hydrocarbon molecules undergo various phase and some property change, altering
intermediate stages which are crucial in designing and operating the processes
efficiently and optimally.
Unlike a pure substance that
has both bubble-point and dew-point the same at a particular temperature and
pressure, a gas condensate reservoir is a multi-component system thus at a
particular temperature and pressure, each component present, exhibit their
different characteristics. This is because the natural gas reservoir is not an
ideal mixture. This can be seen clearly in fig 1.1.
Figure 1.1, Phase behaviour
of Gas condensate reservoir by Li Fan, College Station, Texas, USA.
1.2 Problem statement
Condensate
liquid saturation usually build up near a wellbore area because of drawdown
below the dew-point pressure, ultimately restricting the flow of gas. The
near-well choking can reduce the productivity of a well by a factor of two or
more. The phenomenon called condensate blockage or condensate banking, results
from a combination of factors, including fluid phase properties, formation flow
characteristics and pressures in the formation and in the wellbore. If these
factors are not understood at the beginning of field development, sooner or
later production performance can suffer. This condensate blockage is a major
challenge in the oil and gas sector since production rate is reduced.
Therefore, the dew-point pressure at which this formation occurs needs to be
accurately predicted in order to reduce reservoir damage caused by condensate
blockage and thus increase production rate.
1.3 Aim and objectives
1.31 Aim
To
improve the prediction of the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir.
1.32 Objectives
·
Generation of gas condensate data
·
Generation of a new mathematical correlation to accurately
predict dew-point pressure
1.4 Significance of work
Every
day, the petroleum industries are producing fluid from the condensate
reservoirs in order to satisfy human and industrial needs. It is of great
concern on the path of production and reservoir engineers to make sure the
dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir is accurately known.
As
described earlier, the condensate reservoirs when produced below dew-point
pressure tends to release liquid which reduce formation permeability and thus
reduce production rate.
For
example, well productivity in the Arun field, in North Sumatra, Indonesia,
declined significantly about 10 years after production began. Well studies,
including pressure transient testing, indicated the loss was caused by
accumulation of condensate near the wellbore.
Therefore,
this article focuses on the prediction of the dew-point pressure of a gas
condensate reservoir so that production and reservoir engineers can be aware
and produce gas condensate reservoirs optimally.
1.5 Scope of work
The
scope of this project is limited to developing a mathematical correlation that
would be used to accurately predict the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate
reservoir using data from literature.
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