ATTENTION
BEFORE
YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ
THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU
CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N10,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP
US ON 08137701720
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF EXTRACT OF BLACK PEAR, SOUR SOP, MONKEY
SEED DURING LIPID OXIDATION
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF EXTRACT OF BLACK PEAR, SOUR SOP, MONKEY
SEED DURING LIPID OXIDATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species
(RON) are free radicals, which derived either from normal metabolic processes
or from external sources (Magalhaes, 2006). These species are essential to
energy supply, detoxification, chemical signalling and immune function
(Dimitrios, 2006). However, overproduction of these free radical may lead to
damage to valuable biomolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins.
These free radicals are often associated with the oxidation
in food and biological systems which will cause oxidative rancidity in foods
and the development of several human diseases such as neurological
degeneration, diabetes and certain types of cancer (Magalhaes, 2006).
An antioxidant is any substance which is capable of delaying,
preventing the oxidative damage of lipids, protein and nucleic acids by
reactive oxygen species, which include reactive free radicals such as
superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, alkoxyl and non-radicals such as hydrogen
peroxide and hypochlorous (Lim et al., 2007).
Thus, antioxidants have gained numerous attention in the past
few years, especially within the food, biological and agrochemical fields.
There is increasing evidence that the consumptionof vegetables and fruits is
associated with a reduced risk of degenerative disease such as cancer,
cardiovascular disease and cataracts (Chinnici et al., 2004). This association
is often attributed to the natural antioxidant present in fruits and
vegetables, such as vitamin C and E, carotenoids, phenolic acids and
flavonoids, which prevent free radical damage (Silva et al., 2004).
Epidemiological studies have established a positive
correlation between the intake of fruits and vegetables and prevention of
diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, arthritis and also ageing
(Kaur and Kapoor, 2001).
Annonamuricata L. (A. muricata) is one of the tropical fruits
that demonstrate antioxidant properties. This plant contains
annonaceousacetogenins in the twigs, unripe fruit, seeds, roots, and bark
tissues, which display antitumor, pesticidal, antimalarial, anthelmintic,
piscicidal, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects, thus suggesting many
potentially useful applications. Ripe A. muricata pulp extract contains three
prominent acetogenins: asimicin, bullatacin, and bullatalicin.
Previous research on A. muricata was focused on the leaves,
seeds and roots for pharmaceutical purposes (Gleeve et al., 1997; Jaramillo et
al., 2000; Onimawo, 2002). Little attention has been paid to the study of
thepulp and peel of A. muricata fruit. This study was therefore conducted to
compare the antioxidant properties, phyto-constituents, proximate and mineral
compositions of the peel and pulp of A. muricata.
Perseaamericana Mill (Luraceae) is one of the 150 varieties
of avocado pear. The tree is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical
areas (Lu et al., 2005). The seed of P. americana (avocado seed) has diverse
application in ethno–medicine, ranging from treatment for diarrhea, dysentery,
toothache, intestinal parasites, skin treatment and beautification.
The avocado seed oil has several health benefit e.g. for
controlling human weight (especially used for obese for weight loss) (Lopez et
al., 1996; Roger, 1999). P. americana leaves have been reported to have or
possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities (Adeyemi et al., 2002). The
edible part (fruit) is very popular in vegetarian cuisine, making a substitute
for meat in sandwiches and salads, because of its high fat content and high in
valuable, health-promoting fats (Lu et al., 2005) . The fruit is not sweet but
fatty, almost distinctly, yet subtly flavoured, and of smooth, almost creamy
texture. Avocado fruits in many countries such as Mexico, Brazil, South Africa
and India are frequently used for milkshakes and occasionally added to ice-cream
(Zeldes, 2010).
While several works had been reported on the chemical
characterization of phyto-constituents of P. americana fruit, there is still
limited information on its potential use in the management/prevention of
degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress. Hence, the objective of
this study is to investigate the anti-oxidative properties and inhibitory
effect of phenolic extracts of the leaves and fruit parts of P. americana on
Fe2+ induced lipid oxidation.
The plant Cola lepidota, also known as monkey cola in West
Cameroons, Duala, mbwid; ojiochicha (cockroach cola) or achicha (Iwu, 1993)
amongst the Ibo speaking people of Nigeria, belongs to the sterculiaceae
family. It grows wild and sometimes cultivated in the tropics especially
distributed in lower Guinea, Gabon, Western Cameroon and Eastern Nigeria. The
phyto-constituents found in the seed of Cola lepidota include falvones;
glycosides, saponins, steroids (Burkill, 1985). The seed has been used as
febrifuges, for pulmonary disorders, and as an anticancer (Engel et al., 2011).
Until now, there has not been a report on the antioxidant activity of any part
of Cola lepidota. As part of an ongoing biological evaluation of medicinal
plants for their therapeutic uses, the current study was carried out to
determine the free radical scavenging activity vizavis the antioxidant
activity.
1.1. BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY:
Oxidation of biological molecules has been postulated to
induce a variety of pathological events such as diabetes, pancreatitis and
ageing (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000).
Evidence has shown that these damaging events are caused by
free radicals (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1993). Free radicals are unstable
species because they have unpaired electron pairing with biological
macromolecules. It is well established that free radicals are associated with
process that leads to cell degeneration, especially in organs such as brain and
pancreas (Shulman et al., 2004).
Unchecked activities ofROS had been linked to health
disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, neurodegenerative
diseases, gastric ulcers, reperfusion, arthritis and inflammatory diseases
(Halliwell, 1989; Vajragupta et al., 2000). In the pancreas, Fe accumulates in
acinar cells and in the islets of Langerhans, thereby resulting in the
destruction of β-cells associated with diabetes mellitus (Shah and Fonseca,
2011). High levels of both Cu and Fe, with low levels of Zn and Mn play a
crucial role in the progression of several degenerative diseases (Johnson,
2001).
Although Fe is necessary physiologically as components ofmany
enzymes and proteins, free Fe in the cytosol and mitochondria could cause
considerable oxidative damage by acting catalytically in the production of ROS
which have the potential to damage cellular lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and
carbohydrate resulting in wide-ranging impairment in cellular function and
integrity (Britton et al., 2002).
ROS can directly
attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the cell membranes and induce lipid
peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the endproduct of lipid peroxidation,
which is a process where reactive oxygen species (ROS) degrade polyunsaturated
fatty acids. This compound is a reactive aldehyde and is one of the many
reactive electrophile species that cause toxic stress in cells and form
advanced glycation end-products. The production of this aldehyde is used as a
biomarker to measure the level of oxidative stress in an organism (Murray et
al., 2000). However, the most likely and practical way to fight degenerative
diseases is to improve body antioxidant status, which could be achieved by
higher consumption of fruits and vegetables. Foods of plant origin usually
contain natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds that can scavenge free
radicals (Sun et al., 2002; Alia et al., 2003; Oboh and Akindahunsi, 2004;
Oboh, 2005). Medicinal plant have continued to attract attention in the global
search for effective methods of using plants’ parts (e.g. seeds, stems, leaves,
roots and bark etc) for the treatment of many diseases affecting humans
(Sofowora, 1993). Many important drugs used in medicine today are directly or
indirectly derived from plants due to its bioactive constituents such as;
alkaloids, steroids, tannins e.t.c (Cordeiro and Oniyangi, 1998).
In recent years, secondary plant metabolites previously with
unknown pharmacological activities have been extensively investigated as
sources of medicinal agents (Krishnaraju et al., 2005). Phenolic compounds are
an important group of secondary metabolites, which are synthesized by plants
because of plant adaptation to biotic and a biotic stress condition such as
infection, water stress, and cold stress (Oboh and Rocha 2007).
In recent years, phenolic compounds have attracted the
interest of researchers because of their antioxidants capacity; they can
protect the human body from free radicals, whose formation is associated with
the normal natural metabolism of aerobic cells. The antiradical activity of
flavonoidsand phenols is principally based on the structural relationship
between different parts of their chemical structure (Rice-Evans et al., 1996).
1.2. STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species
(RON) are free radicals, which derived either from normal metabolic processes
or from external sources (Magalhaes, 2006). These species are essential to
energy supply, detoxification, chemical signalling and immune function
(Dimitrios, 2006). However, overproduction of these free radical may lead to
damage to valuable biomolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins. These free
radicals are often associated with the oxidation in food and biological systems
which will cause oxidative rancidity in foods and the development of several
human diseases such as neurological degeneration, diabetes and certain types of
cancer. Discovery of this problem initiated the research of this project topic
by the researcher.
1.3. OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY:
The following forms the objective of this study;
·
Identifications of the free radical that results from either normal
metabolic process or from external source affect human health adversely
· To assist in
creating awareness over the dangers associated with excessive production of
these free radicals.
· Prove
practically how these medical effects can be suppressed in the laboratory.
1.4.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
It is the belief of the writer that at the end of this
research, the researcher will has been able to portrait the disadvantages of
over production of free radicals which have been proved to cause oxidative
rancidity in foods and the development of several human diseases such as
neurological degeneration, diabetes and certain types of cancer.
1.5. SCOPE OF
THE STUDY:
The research work only covers the inhibitory effect of black
pear, sour sop and monkey seed during lipid oxidation. The practical work was
carried out using the fruit part of the fruits to ascertain whether the
extracts of the fruits can be suppressed as to avert the adverse human effect.
1.6. LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY:
The researcher encountered several difficulties during the
time of carrying out this research work. The limitation ranges from time
constraints which the researcher faced in trying to combine carrying out the
research work and preparing for exams. Accessing relevant documents on road
construction delay documentation wasn’t easy as no company was willing to showcase
their flaws. Financing the research was another problem since the research is
still a student.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT
MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following
information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment