INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SOURCES ON FARMERS KNOWLEDGE AND USAGE OF POULTRY DRUGS IN EDO AND DELTA STATES, NIGERIA.
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INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SOURCES ON FARMERS KNOWLEDGE AND
USAGE OF POULTRY DRUGS IN EDO AND DELTA STATES, NIGERIA.
INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SOURCES ON FARMERS KNOWLEDGE AND
USAGE OF POULTRY DRUGS IN EDO AND DELTA STATES, NIGERIA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ----------i
Certification ----------ii
Dedication----------iii
Acknowledgment ---------iv
Table of contents----------v
List of tables-----------ix
Abstract ----------xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Background of the Study--------1
Problem statement ---------8
Objectives of the study-------10
Hypothesis of the study-------10
Justification of the study -------11
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review--------13
2.1 Information---------13
2.1.1 Agricultural Information-------15
2.1.2 Agricultural Information Sources-------18
2.1.3 Constraints to Agricultural Information------19
2.2Knowledge---------23
2.3Poultry Health --------27
2.3.1. Poultry Drugs and Vaccines-------35
2.3.2 Poultry Drugs Availability and Usage-----52
2.5 Constraints to Poultry Production------69
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology -------71
3.1 Study Area and Scope -------71
3.2 Population for the Study-------75
3.3 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique-----75
3.4 Data Collection Instrument -------76
3.5 Measurement of Variables -------76
3.6 Data Analysis---------78
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Poultry Farmers---79
4.1Personal Characteristics of Respondents-----79
4.2Farm Characteristics of the Respondents-----83
4.3Institution Characteristics of Respondents Contacts with
Extension Agent 87
4.4Respondents Access and Preferred Information Sources
on Poultry Drugs Usage-------90
4.5Poultry Drug Use Information Available to and Adopted by
Respondents --------- 93
4.6Farmers awareness/Knowledge Level of Poultry Drugs---98
4.7Respondent’s Attitude to Usage of Vaccines and Drugs
---101
4.8Respondent’s Perception of Drugs Usage----103
4.9 Respondents Constraints in Adopting Recommended
Vaccines Usage Practices -------105
4.10Constraints in souring drug Information by
Respondents---108
4.11 Hypothesis 1: relationship between the socio-economic
characteristics of poultry
farmers and their Access to Various Sources of
Information--110
4.12 Hypothesis 2: Relationship between Socio-Economic
Characteristics of Poultry
Farmers and Preferred Sources of Information on Poultry
Drugs--114
4.13 Hypothesis 3: Relationship between Source of Information
and the use of Poultry Drugs among Respondents------117
4.14 Hypothesis 4: Relationship between Respondents Awareness
on the Effects of
Poultry Drugs Usage and their Access to Various Sources of
Information 119
4.15 Hypothesis 5: Relationship between Socio-Economic
Characteristics and the Constraints Respondents Face in Sourcing
Information---121
4.16: Hypothesis 6: Relationship between source of
information and the constraints Respondents faced in sourcing
information----123
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION --125
5.1Summary ---------125
5.2.Conclusion -----------127
5.3.Recommendations --------127
References ----------129
Appendix 1: Questionnaire--------137
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents
---82
Table 2: Farm Characteristics of the Farmers -----86
Table 3: Institutional Characteristics of the Respondents
----89
Table 4: Respondents Access and Preferred Information Sources
on Poultry Drug Usage -------92
Table 5: Drugs Use Information Available to and Adopted by
Respondents -94
Table 6: Farmers Awareness/Knowledge Level of Poultry
Drugs---99
Table 7: Respondent’s Attitude to Usage of Vaccines and Drugs
---102
Table 8: Respondents’ Perception of Drugs Usage-----104
Table 9: Respondents Constraints in Adopting Recommended
Vaccine Usage Practices -------106
Table 10 : Respondents Constraints in Adopting Recommended
Vaccines Usage Practices---------109
Table 11: Relationship between the socio economic
characteristics of poultry farmers
and their access to various sources of information----113
Table 12: Categorization of Respondents Based on Frequency of
Preferred Source of Information on Poultry Drug Use-----115
Table 13:Relationship between Socio-Economic Characteristics
of Poultry Farmers and Preferred Sources of information on Poultry drugs--116
Table14: Relationship between source of information and use
of poultry drugs among Respondents--------118
Table 15: Relationship between Respondents Awareness of
Effect of Poultry Drug Usage and their Access to Various Sources of in
formation---120
Table 16: Relationship between Socio Economic Characteristics
and Constraints to Sourcing Information-------122
Table 17: Relationship Between Source of Information and
Constraints Faced in Sourcing Information -------124
ABSTRACT
A nation’s capacity for industrialization and employment
depends on her improvement in level of production enhanced by available
information. This is necessary for promoting entrepreneurship in agricultural
transformation agenda for food security and poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
This study assessed the influence of information source on poultry farmers
knowledge and usage of drugs in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. A multi-stage
sampling procedure was used to solicit response from 120 and respondents from
Edo and Delta States respectively with the aid of a well structured
questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and mean
while the hypothesis was tested using chi-square analysis. Result showed that
majority (64.1%) and (63.8%) of the poultry farmers in Edo and Delta States
respectively, were males, with majority (52.3%) and (53.8%) of the respondents
in Edo and Delta States respectively been married. The result further showed
that poultry farmers preferred neigbhours and retailers (dealers) as part of
their available sources of poultry drugs information sources which lead to a
bit increase in the level of awareness about poultry drug usage. But the
adoption of these practices was low when compared with their awareness; this
was due to constrains in sourcing the poultry drugs. Respondents were not so
knowledgeable in poultry drug usage (6.3%.44.5%) and (6.3%- 60.0%) in both
states. There was a significant relationship between the respondents’ level of
knowledge about poultry drug usage and their educational attainments, poultry
farming experience poultry size, farmers’ membership of association and contact
with extension agents. This study concludes that though some of the poultry
drug information sources were available, they tend to increase the farmers’
level of awareness, but the adoption rates tend to reduce due to the
constraints faced in souring and adopting this in terms of adoption of
principles in drug usage.
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of
poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as source of meat
and eggs. [Card and Leslie,1961] Traditionally, such birds would have been kept
extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night, this
is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important
contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry, however, rising
world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in
larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to
where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap,
safe food being made available for urban communities. (Eriksson and
Larson,2008)
The African traditional way of rearing livestock originally
uses less of synthetic drugs, although the birds raised are hardy in nature.
There is therefore the need for the use of veterinary knowledge of local
farmers as a basis for the development of organic alternatives of livestock
production.(Adler and Jerry,2012)
Indigenous knowledge has gone a long way over the years to
ensure minimal livelihoods for the rural resource-poor people in Nigeria. Most
small-holder farmers that desire to adopt modern practices of animal health
care are constrained by lack of finance and unavailability of consultancy
advice from veterinary officers in remote villages (Kolawole, 2001)
According to Eurostat,(2012) it was stated in value terms,
that the EU-27’s crop output grew by 9.1 % in 2011 to EUR 203,330 million and
animal output increased by 9.9% to EUR 154,057 million and recently there has
been a remarkable interest in livestock production.
Poultry farming has numerous benefits; as a result many
farmers prefer to invest in it. People generally establish poultry farm for the
purpose of producing eggs, meat and generating high revenue from these
products. Billions of chickens are being raised throughout the world as a good
source of food from their eggs and meat. However, here I am shortly describing
the main benefits of poultry farming. The main benefit of poultry farming is,
it doesn’t require high capital for starting .It doesn’t require a big space
unless you are going to start commercially. It also ensures high return of
investment within a very short period. Some poultry birds like broiler chickens
take shorter duration of time to mature and generating profit.
The importance of the poultry industry cannot be over
emphasized, because of the vital roles it plays in human nutrition and creation
of employment opportunity it provides for the teeming population. The industry
if desired attention is paid by government at all levels, poultry industry can
successfully absorb a large number of unemployed youth across the country
currently searching for unavailable jobs. Through its chain of agro-allied
activities, commercial feed aim toll milling, poultry productions processing,
poultry marketing, vertinary, pharmaceuticals, hatchery operation and breeder
farming. In addition, the industry if properly harnessed, can also serve as
source of foreign earning, complementing the crude oil (our present main source
of foreign earning) responsible for over 90% of our exports e.g. a product of
the industry gives about 3.5g of the total 7.2g animals protein required for
individual dietary need per day. Again, (broiler table meat chicken) is the
toast of every fast food outlets across the country. This is because chicken
meat is cholesterol free; compare to red meat beef, mutton, pork, veal, venison
and others, which contains cholesterol (a chemical substance), responsible for
the increasing rate of heart diseases amongst Nigerians in recent times. Among
which to be mentioned poultry contribute to GDP and GNP of the country.
Furthermore, poultry industry at the moment is bedeviled by
enormous problems. Among which are lack of government funding, lack of credit
facility, high cost of feeding ingredients, diseases, increasing cost of
medications, marketing and lack of storage facility. Diseases are one of the
major challenges to the industry, because of the economic importance of the
disease causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungal and protozoan, which
poultry birds are susceptible to, bringing about devastating effects to both
the flocks and the farmers .For instance, the outbreak of avian influenza otherwise
known as bird flu, in 2005/2006, led to death of over 1.5 million birds across
the country (Sahara reporter). It will be recalled that large number of poor
farmers lost their means of livelihood, when their flocks were destroyed by
government without compensation; yet foreign donor agencies are willing to
address the problem of avian influenza stated by (WHO, 2005)
The intake of protein in Nigeria stands at 3.5g per caput per
day(Ironkwe and Amefule,2008) and this is far less than the 35g per caput per
day recommended by the World Health Organization (W.H.O),this shortage of
animal protein consumption is partly due to the high cost of conventional meat
sources like cattle, goat, sheep(Tewe,1999),it is therefore necessary to search
for a cheaper alternative source of meat to meet the ever increasing demand for
animal protein.
Information and communication are essential ingredients
needed for effective transfer of technologies that are designed to boost
agricultural production. For farmers to benefit from such technologies they
must first have access to them and learn how to effectively utilize them in
their farming systems and practices (Ariyo et al.2013).This is the
responsibility of agricultural extension agencies all over the world. These
extension agencies make use of different approaches ,means and media in
transferring improved agricultural technologies to farmers. Mass media methods
in agricultural information dissemination generally, are useful in reaching a
wide audience at a very fast rate. They are useful sources of agricultural
information to farmers and as well constitute methods of notifying farmers of
new developments and emergencies. They could equally be important in
stimulating farmers’ interest in new ideas and practices (Ani et al.1997).
Common sources of agricultural information sources that have been used are the
extension services, radio, television, magazines, newspaper and face to face
communication. According to Statrasts,(2004) this information sources is seen
as an institution or individuals that create or bring about message and the
characteristics of a good information source are relevance, timelessness,
accuracy, cost effectiveness reliability, usability exhaustiveness and
aggregation level. Lately research institutions have embraced the modern
sources of information such as internet especially online database, journals
and articles that have made information more readily accessible, accurate and
timely. These modern sources have been used within research institutions and extension
service units but their effectiveness in availing information to farmers have
been criticized. It is thought that the modern sources of information have
social, education, economic, cultural and technical constraints which limits
their effectiveness in disseminating agricultural information to
farmers(Bashir,2008) It is important to disseminate agricultural information to
ensure farmers have adequate knowledge and skills to address their needs and
sustain production. Research institutions have a responsibility of ensuring
that the information they disseminate is packaged in a way that makes it easy
for the end-users to understand and to use appropriate dissemination channels
that would make the information accessible to the end users (farmers),(Ghobrial
and Musa,2006).
Hence, the information supply from extension, research.
Education and other sources has become managed by agricultural organizations
and especially disseminated to farmers so that they can make better decisions
to take advantages of market opportunities and to manage continuous changes in
their production systems(Demiryurek,2010) According to Davin (1976) every
individual whether literate or non-literate needs information in order to make
decisions thus every sector of the population engaged in agriculture needs
information. The concept that information is the message has different meanings
in different contexts. Luciano Floridi (2010). Thus, the concept of information
becomes closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data,
form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern,
perception, representation, and entropy.
The role of communication boarder on it’s effectiveness which
is foundational to socio-economic and political development of a nation.
Adekunle and Ogoto (1994), asserted that effective communication is a
precondition for sustainable technology transfer in agriculture; and the feed
forward- feed back mechanisms
which are essential ingredients in the technology transfer
process are only made possible through communication process. A good
communicator or information source knows his audience, his wants, needs,
message, the effective channel of communication applicable to his audience,
prepares his information to be communicated carefully, speaks clearly, uses
simple languages that people understand and is aware of the limitation of time.
The credibility and technical competence of the communicator (extension agent)
will go a long way in people (farmers) putting their trust in him as an
authority of valid assertions and a reckoned officer. Hence Torimiro and
Akinyemiju (2008) opined that in order to maintain good credibility extension
agents need to have adequate knowledge and skill in dealing with people, and
that a message is not of no value unease it is understood, accepted by the
receiver and creates a motivation to act. Ekumankma and Nwankwo (2002) observed
the poor exposure of farmers to appropriate agricultural information as one of
the major reasons for low yield recorded by many Nigerian farmers. This have
been of great concern to agricultural
communicators, administrators, and policy makers in the
country over the years and finds expression in the federal governments’ effort
in initiating different agricultural programmes including Agricultural
Development Programmes across the country in the last four decades. Uphoff
(2000) and Leeuwis (2004) accreting a new societal function for extension said
that emphasis/responsibilities have shifted from a function that fostered knowledge
and technology transfer between farmers and researchers and among farmers
themselves to include more complex tasks of altering interdependencies and
co-ordination between various actors, in addition new challenges, problems and
development- some of which operate at a larger scale than before (e.g.
ecological degradation, globalization and knowledge society) that further
complicate matters, hence the issues extension is dealing with now are
concerned more broadly with rural resource management- resource in this context
include not only water, land, biological process and biophysical inputs, but
also human relations, forms of organizations, economic and legal institutions,
knowledge or skills. Leeuwis (2004) observed that communication intervention
which is seen as different communication services since they essentially define
kinds of products that can be delivered by communication workers and at the
same time seen as different strategies because they refer also to the way in
which communication intervention is supposed to contribute to societal problem
solving. Depending on one’s analysis of the problem, one may decide that
improving a specific type of service is an appropriate strategy towards
improving the situation. Leeuwis (2004) further opined that the term farm
management communication is general communication function which can be
relevant within different communication services and strategies include:
raising awareness; consciousness of predefined issues; exploring views and
issues; information provision and training, with corresponding roles of
communication workers to include; providing (confrontational) feedback; raising
questions; stimulating people to talk (active listening, active learning);
translating and structuring information; and educators/trainers. Hence,
effective communication can improve farmers’ value for adoption of proven
technologies.
Feedback is a critical component of effective
communication(Witzany,G 2012).This farmers knowledge on the usage of poultry
drugs is either lagging behind in Nigeria or it is not put into practice
maximally(UNIDO,CBN,2010)
1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT
Agriculture, which is production oriented is a field that is
always in need of right information and at the right
time.(Dileepkumar,2013),this means that both crop and livestock farmers should
always be linked to the right information needed in the production process by
adequate information sources. Agricultural information can also be seen as an
important factor which interacts with the other production factors such as
land, labour, managerial ability, the productivity of these other factors can
arguably be improved by the relevant, reliable and useful information and
knowledge (Demiryurek, 2010).
The problem to lack of or minimal use of drugs observed in
poultry production in Nigeria could be linked to information technologies and
information sources (information revolution) affecting competitiveness (Porter
and Miller,1985).Part of the reason why farmers do not engage in the usage of
poultry drugs is that, historically the extension services has been focused on
improving production and productivity (Gebremedhi et al,2006) and abandoned the
farmers after the harvest. This is why various stakeholders of agriculture need
to critically analyse the information sources that are available and accessible
to poultry production and also the information needs of the farmers, the
structure of the organisations involved in these activities are issues that
need to be explored generally(Demiryurek et al,2008) in poultry production
specifically.
The problem of the usage of poultry drugs is a great one and
emphasis on it cannot be too much at this time when the nations’ agriculture is
undergoing transformation in the Agriculture Transformation Agenda (ATA) in the
economy of this nation.
The rural/village poultry system in Nigeria typically lacks
access to organized health inputs. The structure of the rural poultry
production system has constrained attempts to institute health extension
services. Small flock size, mixed age and species flock composition, improper
housing, scavenging, among other factors have made the use of conventional
schedule-oriented health inputs like medication and vaccination
difficult.(Kolawole, 2001). This study here will provide answers to the
questions that borders on information sources on farmers knowledge and usage of
poultry drugs in Edo and Delta states, Nigeria.
Some of the specific questions this research is poised to
answer are:
What are the socio-economic characteristics of poultry
farmers in Edo and Delta states?
What are the various sources of information on poultry drugs
available to respondents in Edo and Delta states?
What are the respondents accesses and preferences for poultry
drugs usage information source?
What are the respondents awareness for the effects of poultry
drugs usage?
What are the constraints respondents faces in sourcing and
adopting poultry drugs information?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to access the influence
of information sources on farmers knowledge and usage of poultry drugs in Edo
and Delta states, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to;
identify the social economic characteristics of poultry
farmers in the study area;
ascertain respondents on poultry drug information sources,
access, preference and usage;
assess respondents’ knowledge on the effects of poultry drugs
usage; and
examine constraints respondents face in sourcing and adopting
poultry drugs information and in application of poultry drugs.
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
There is no significant relationship between the social
economic characteristics of poultry farmers and their access to various sources
of information
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