ATTENTION
BEFORE
YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ
THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU
CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N10,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP
US ON 08137701720
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON MATERNAL AND INFANT
MORTALITY
ABSTRACT
This research work consider the impact of poverty on maternal
and infant mortality in Jos North Local Government area. Maternal and infant
mortality are not new concept in the social and medical sciences. They both
pose serious threats to human survival especially in the future generations it
is a saying, that the future of any society depends on the health condition of
the women and the young population. The sustenance of the society and the
economy largely depends on these two groups, to this end, their health and
security is of utmost importance so as to avert feeling endless, depression and
loss of lives. In order to assess the impact of this menace in our area of
study, the researcher adopted the use of questionnaire as the researcher methodology the research of this
research include: to find out the rate at which poverty affects women and
children’s health status, to find out the level of awareness of Jos North
citizens in family planning, to find out the level among Jos North residence
and to make appropriately recommendation to relevant authorities. In order to
assess the impact of the menace in our area of study, the researcher adopted
the use of questionnaire as the research methodology. These involves the
demographic information of respondents, factor, responsible for maternal and
child mortality and thereafter, was the discussion on findings. The research
concluded with certain recommendations such as the need for government and
policy maker to attracts the social, economic and cultural factors within the
communities to ensure that women have control over their health and that of
their children. The need to improve access to medical facilities and to provide
adequate resources for the treatment of malaria instead challenging huge amount
of money on HIV/AIDS From the above, this project hope to contribute enormously
curbing incidences that result to maternal and child mortality but much more is
needed to the constant changes in the society.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Maternal and child mortality are not new concepts in the
social and medical sciences. They both pose serious threats to human survival
especially in the future generations. It is a saying, that the future of any
society depends on the health condition of the women and the young population.
The sustenance of the society and the economy largely depends on these two
groups to this end, their health and security is of utmost importance so as to
avert feelings of sadness, depression and loss of lives. According to Myles
(1953);
The maternal mortality rate is the number of death registered
during year of women dying from cause attributed to pregnancy and child birth
for 1,000 registered total (life and still births) in the year while
infant/child mortality rate is the number of deaths registered during the year
of age per 1,000 registered births in the year.
This is to say that maternal mortality is simply deaths
resulting from complications during pregnancy, labour delivery or child birth,
while infant/child mortality can be any death occurring under one year or five
years of age.
The tenth international classification of diseases (ICD) of
year on the other hand, defined maternal death as;
The death of a woman while pregnant or within the days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the
pregnancy from any cause related to, or aggravated by the pregnancy or its
management, but not form accidental or incidental causes. (pp. 2-3).
Similarly, the America Medical Association (1954) defines
maternal mortality rate as:
The death of a woman while she is pregnant or within 90 days
of termination of the pregnancy irrespective of duration of pregnancy at the
time of termination or regardless of the method by which is terminated. (p. 4).
There are many factors resulting to maternal and child
mortality in developing countries, these involves complications arising during
pregnancy and child delivery, hemorrhage, that is, severe bleeding generally
occurring during post partum, it is unpredictable, sudden and more dangerous
when a woman is anaemic. The loss of blood in the process can lead to death if
prompt attention is not given. Another factor that may result into maternal and
child birth is prolonged and obstructed labour “poverty exist when people lack
the means to satisfy their basic needs”. These needs when narrowly put are
“those needs necessary for survival or broadly as those needs reflecting the
prevailing standard of living the community. In Jos North for example, poverty
is indeed a threat to women in reproductive age bracket. This high level of
poverty limits their access to health which contributes to a higher percentage
of maternal and child mortality in Nigeria and Jos North in particular.
At the end of the last century, sub-Saharan Africa still had
high maternal and child mortality rate with the goals of safe motherhood
eluding many governments. A documentary report on Nigeria Television Authority
(NTA) precisely 3rd May, 2007 revealed that malaria fever is very dangerous to
pregnant mothers and children and more deadly then HIV/AIDS. The number of
these groups malaria kills in one year is said to be what HIV/AIDS kills in 15
years. According to Dr. Adekunle (an NTA discussant, he stated also that over
80 percent of 270 to 400 million clinical cases occur in the African
continent). Similarly, on the 30th of March 2007, another documentary on the
same station, (NTA) suggests that children under the age of five and a total of
300,000 Nigeria children and eleven out of hundred pregnant women die of
malaria fever every year.
Apart from the death rate being recorded due to malaria fever
of both pregnant women and children, it was reported on the Africa Independent
Television (AIT) on the 6th August 2007 at the 8:00pm news that Nigeria spends
over 130 billion naira on malaria control. Alubo (1997) opined that:
Women in Nigeria suffer from all kinds of ailment and ill
conditions and run the risk of sudden deaths in child birth. The main causes of
this sudden death in child birth are obstructed labour, uterine infection, anaemia,
ectopic pregnancy and cepsis etc.
These complications according to Alubo (1997) account for
maternal mortality during labour and after child birth. All the factors by
Alubo, as well as the previous presentations of the concept under study
revealed that women suffer undue hardship during and after pregnancy. To put it
right, many factors and complications can lead to maternal and child mortality
as stated all through but of interest is the impact of poverty on maternal and
child mortality and it is of sociological importance to identify how poverty
affect the health of the mother and the child and the definite responses of
government.
1.2 BRIEF
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JOS NORTH
Jos North area council shares its boundaries with Jos South
Local Government Area in the south and East, Bassa Local Government Area in the
West and Turo Local Government Area of Bauchi State in the North.
Jos North metropolis is made up of one district; Gwong and
fourteen (14) wards, namely Abba Na Shehu, Ibrahim Kashim, Jos Jarawa, Gangere,
Vandapuye, Tafawa Belewa, Jenta Apata, Jenta Adamu, Garba Dawo, Dalhatu,
Alikazaure Sarkin Arab, Tudun Wada, Kabong Naraguta “A” and Naraguta “B”.
According to its geographical location, Jos is about four hundred (400) feet
above sea level and temperature sometimes goes near freezing point. Rainfall
usually occurs between April to October yearly. The month of December, January
and February are particularly very cold due to dry wind of the harmattan, as
well as its latitude and hilly nature. It is also on table land and its
vegetation is characterized by scattered forest reserves and farmlands.
However, Jos is a built up area, but some of its inhabitants areas are
surrounded by hills, the temperature nature of Jos makes tourism a potential
industry.
1.3 STATEMENT OF
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Maternal and child mortality as earlier mentioned above are
not strange problems in our society. They are as old as human existence but the
trend and pattern varies across generations and socio-economic lines. In this
work however, the researcher is interested in unfolding the link between
poverty (socio-economic status) in the family with maternal and child
mortality. Death of mothers and children
are painful experiences that affect families and also have it’s toll on the
society and the economy.
Maternal and child mortality is not an uncommon event in
several parts of the developing world. Mothers and children are at highest risk
for disease and death. While motherhood is often a possible and fulfilling
experience for too many women, it is associated with ill-health and even death
(Olatoye, 2009). The death of a woman during pregnancy, labor or peuriperium is
a tragedy that carries a huge burden of grief and pain, and has been described
as a major public health problem in developing countries. Women have an
enormous impact on their families’ welfare. Deaths of infant/children under
five are peculiar and closely related to maternal health. One million children
die each year because their mother died, and the risk of death of children less
than five years doubles if mothers die in child birth. More than 25,000
children die every day and every minute a woman dies in child birth. Worldwide,
every year about 500,000 women die due to child birth and over 9 million
children under age five die mostly from preventable and diseases. (WHO, 2003).
Available evidence indicates that Africa accounts for the
highest burden of mortality among women and children in the world (Udofia and
Okonofua, 2000; Prata. Et al, 2008).
In the light of the above, the researcher, who is a social
work student of University of Jos, a
woman and a mother who has observed with
keen interest, over the years the prevalence of the above situation in Jos
North area of Plateau state on how mother and children die of this preventable
situation and has therefore, embarked on the research using Plateau State
Specialist Hospital has her resource/data collection base. Armstrong and
Roystone (1990) asserted that:
The most easily recognized factors responsibly for maternal
and child mortality are the women age and the number of her previous pregnancy.
These factors to them are not limited to developed countries societies alone,
but have confined to exist even in developed countries and report shows that
teenage marriage is widespread in developing countries which may result in
maternal death or other damage as a result of child birth such as VVF (i.e.,
Vesico Vagina Festula). Women in
developing countries run the risk much more, since they bear more children than
women in the developed world.
Putting the observation of both authors in critical analysis,
some of factors responsible for maternal and child mortality are not peculiar
to developing countries where most of its population are poor but continue to
exist even in developed countries. (Alubo, 1997; Armstrong and Roystone 1990).
1.4 STATEMENT OF
RESEARCH QUESTION
There arose questions in relation to this research and
getting answers to them will be beneficial to humanity and they are;
What is the relationship between poverty and mortality rate
in women and children
What are the other factors responsible for children and
maternal mortality?
What is the level of awareness of the residents on maternal
mortality and family planning?
Are there policies of government towards the reduction of
maternal and child mortality rates?
How effective are government policies in addressing the
problem of maternal and child mortality?
1.5 STATEMENT OF
THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Objectives
of the study
The general objective of this research is to analyze the
impact of poverty on maternal and child mortality in Jos North Local Government
Area and the specific objectives are:
Specific Objectives
To find out the rate at which poverty affects women and
children’s health status.
To find out factors responsible for the incidence of death in
women of reproductive age and children below 1 year.
To find out the level of awareness of Jos North citizens on
family planning.
To find out the level of the prevalence of maternal and child
mortality among Jos north residence.
To make recommendations to the appropriate authority on how
to make maternal and child mortality among Jos North residence.
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
According to Osuala (2001), “Hypotheses are conjectural
statement of the relationship between two or more variables”. They are guide to
the investigator in the entire process of research on the main study. In fact,
hypotheses are generally useful guides to effective research. Hypothesis
formulation goes hand in hand with the selection of a research problem. The
hypothesis for this research is as follows:
Ho1: There is a
relationship between socio-economic status in maternal and child mortality.
Ho2: The health of
mother and child is largely dependent on their socio-economic status.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Basically, this study will help residents in Jos North Local
Government learn preventive measures on
maternal and child mortality. It will also help policy makers and authorities
of Plateau State Government improve on development programmes thereby taking
adequate steps towards reducing and alleviating maternal and child death in our
society. It is also intended and desired that it will enable medical officials
and expectant mothers to embark on preventive measures against such mortality.
Furthermore, this study will equip men with the necessary
information concerning infant, and maternal mortality in the society such that
they will begin to provide more and adequate care for their wives, mothers and
children (both born and unborn). These ones represent the future of the
society.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study is basically centered on Jos North Local
Government Area. It is aimed at determining the magnitude damage poverty has
done on the lives of women of reproductive age during child birth and death of
children between 0-1 year.
1.8 DEFINITION OF
BASIC CONCEPTS
Impact: The advanced learner’s dictionary puts it as “to have
strong impression or effect on e.g., the economy. Also, a significant or strong
influence. Here, we are determining the effect/influence of poverty on mother
and child mortality.
Poverty: The absence of those needs necessary for human
survival. The new encyclopedia Britannica volume 9, Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica 2003. It is also a major barrier to human development. Poverty can also
defined as the situation of people whose “resources (material, social and
cultural) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of
life in the countries where they live. (Defining poverty,
http://www.anglicare.com)
Maternal: Maternal means a mother, related through the
mother’s side of the family. (Advanced Learners Dictionary).
Child: children, a young person birth to the age of 7 full
physical development, a boy or a girl; a child of size. (Advanced Learners
Dictionary).
Mortality: Means death and dying, the irreversible caesarian
of life and the imminent approach of death. (Encarta – Encyclopedia 2002).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT
MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following
information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment