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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF OF THE IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON
THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA
2.1 THEORETICAL LITERATURE
The nature of the relationship between population growth and
economic growth has so attracted the attention of a large number of the
world’s most influential thinkers that most of them have started propounding
theories to explain the relationship. Generally the various explanations of the
relationship between population growth and the society have focused on the
causes of population growth, the consequences of population growth, and the
responses of people to population growth. Most of the early writers on
population growth were very much concerned with the need to balance population
with resources.
According to Okafor (2004:84), population is a critical
factor in the development plans of any civilized society. For effective planning
for the development of developing countries, it is necessary to have an actual
count of the population i.e. in form of an accurate census. This will enable
government to know how many people to whom they should distribute amenities and
social services.
According to Udabah (2002:59), it is a central problem of
economic development. If the population of a nation expands as fast as national
income, per capita income will not increase. When population expands rapidly, a
country may by great effort raise the quantity of capital only to find that a
corresponding rise in population has occurred so that the net effect of its
“growth policy†is that larger populations now maintained at the original
low standard of living. Much of the problem of developing nations like that of
Nigeria is due to population growth. Most developing nations have made
appreciable gains in income, like Nigeria do in exporting crude, but most of
the gains have been eaten up (literally) by the increasing population.
On the other hand, the early Roman Christians and Islamic
writers were largely in favour of population growth without showing concern for
the need to balance the number of people with available resources. This
attitude was apparently influenced by high mortality, which characterized the
period.
2.1.1 THEORIES 0F POPULATION GROWTH
Most world thinkers or
philosophers have in recent times been attracted by the nature of the
relationship between population growth and the socio economic system of a given
geographical zone. This attraction gave rise to the postulation of so many
theories of population. Among these theories, they can be classified into three
classes or school of thoughts.
The pessimistic theorist (The Malthusian theory).
The optimistic theorist (Marxist theorist)
Liberal theorist.
2.1.2 THE MALTHSIAN THEORY
Thomas Malthus was an
English clergyman who lived from 1766-1834. He was widely known as the first
professional demographer. It was during the period of the physiocrate thinking
in the 18th century that he postulated his theory. He had the most influential
work relating to population growth and its consequences. He was the first man
to draw out in a systematic way a picture that links the consequence of growth
to its causes. His theory of population growth can be broken into eight major
points based on evolution.
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