Attitude and Perception of Nursing Mothers Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in Nigeria (A Case Study of Uyo LGA)
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Attitude and
Perception of Nursing Mothers Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in Nigeria (A
Case Study of Uyo LGA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study
Breastfeeding
is the very first stage of improving child’s survival. Breast milk as food for
infants is very beneficial for the all round growth of a child. It enhances the
physical, mental, and social growth of a child. Breast milk contains many
nutritional values like antibodies which boost the immunity of a child,
prevents child mortality and morbidity. Breast milk has an enormous impact on
the health of infants, most especially those who weighed less at birth. It has
been discovered that breast milk is far more nutritious than processed milk. Aside
from the benefits of breast milk on an infant, breastfeeding creates an
inevitable bond between a mother and her child (Heckman J.J, 2011).
World Health
Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) recommended breast milk as an ideal food for infants, and that is why
in the past decades, these organizations have been encouraging mothers
worldwide to embrace the practice of breastfeeding, particularly exclusive
breastfeeding (EBF).
Exclusive
breastfeeding according to WHO entails feeding an infant with just breast milk
(and syrups if need be) for six months and after that period of time give the
infant complementary food (Cattaneo et al., 2000). It has been revealed by a
study that infants who are not fed with breast milk at the first 60 days of
their birth are likely to die from infection than those who are breastfed (WHO,
2014). Exclusive breastfeeding has a dual advantage on both a child and his
mother. Apart from ensuring the good health of a child, it saves cost for the
mother; as well as prevent her from breast cancer and other related diseases.
However,
despite the recommendation of Exclusive breastfeeding by WHO, the rate of
Nigerian mothers who practice EBF is fluctuating. A study proved that the rate
of children between ages 1-5 who are exclusively fed dropped from 18% in 2003
to 12% in 2008 and 12% in 2010 and returned to 18% in 2010; consequently
increasing the rate of child mortality (NPC and ICF macro, 2008). It was still
discovered in this study that the number of people who are enlightened about
EBF in the urban areas of Nigeria is higher than those in the rural areas and
this poses a threat on the importance of EBF (NPC and ICF Macro, 2009).
Not minding
the enormous benefits of EBF, Nigerian mothers for reasons best known to them
do not practice EBF. Some of them who sluggishly try to practice it might just
do it partially not up to six months, while some could be based on their
cultural beliefs as some traditions in Nigeria see EBF as being unnecessary and
some this obnoxious idea of their breast sagging due to breastfeeding.
Based on the
many factors that could hamper the practice of breastfeeding in Nigeria, this
study is aimed at discovering the attitude and perception of nursing mothers in
Uyo LGA. To know their thoughts on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding .
Statement of
the problem
Due to the
reduction in the rate of breastfeeding among nursing mothers in Nigeria,
particularly nursing mothers in Uyo LGA, this study discovered some problems
associated with this.
One of such
problem is the high level of poverty in the country. Some nursing mothers have
this notion that it is only the rich mothers that can practice EBF; reason
being that a mother who is breastfeeding must feed very well. She is expected
to feed at least 8 times in a day. Considering the economic situation of
things, which mother has the food in her kitchen to feed up to such number of
times?
In addition
to the aforementioned point, in many homes in Nigeria, some mothers are the
bread winners in their homes. This makes them go out to hustle for money; thereby
not having the needed time for to breast feed their babies.
Another
problem of this study is the fact that some cultural beliefs in Nigeria kick
against EBF. A good example is the Yoruba culture which so much belief in the
giving of an infant some herbs to keep the child healthy. They belief it is
unnecessary to feed a child with just breast milk.
Also, the
problem of poor sensitization of nursing mothers on the nitty-gritty of EBF
poses a challenge, as some nursing mothers have various negative feelings about
EBF. This is common to nursing mothers who live in the rural parts of the
country.
These are
some of the problems observed could affect the attitude and perception of
nursing mothers in Uyo LGA towards EBF.
Aims/Objectives
of the study
The major
aim of this study is to know the attitude and perception of nursing mothers
towards exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Nigeria (a case study of Uyo LGA).
Other
specific objectives include:
To examine
the factors that can hamper the practice of EBF in Uyo LGA.
To ascertain
the extent at which nursing mothers in Uyo LGA are well enlightened about EBF.
To determine
whether EBF can drastically reduce the rate of child mortality in Nigeria.
To determine
ways nursing mothers in Uyo LGA can be encouraged to practice EBF.
Research
questions
What are the
attitude and perception of nursing mothers in Uyo LGA towards EBF?
Are there
factors that can hamper the practice of EBF in Uyo LGA?
Can EBF
drastically reduce the rate of child mortality in Nigeria?
Research
Hypothesis
H0: There
are no factors that can hamper the practice of EBF in Uyo LGA.
H1: There
are factors that can hamper the practice of EBF in Uyo LGA.
Significance
of the study/Justification of the study
This study
is meant to educate the general public, especially nursing mothers on the
benefits of EBF.
It is also
meant to inform the government that they have a role to play in enlightening
the general public, especially nursing mothers on the need to practice EBF.
This study
will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this
topic and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their work. This
study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other work or
study.
Scope/Limitations
of the study
This study
is restricted on the attitude and perception of nursing mothers towards
exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria, with Uyo LGA as a case study.
Limitations
of study
1. Financial
constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time
constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
Definition
of terms
Attitude
A
predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a
certain idea, object, person, or situation.
Perception
This is the
ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses or the
way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.
EBF
(Exclusive Breastfeeding)
This means
that the infant receives only breast milk. No other liquids or solids are given
– not even water – with the exception of oral rehydration solution, or
drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals or medicines.
WHO (World
Health Organization)
This is a
specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international
public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
UNICEF
(United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
Is a United
Nations’ programme headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian
and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.
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