TERRORISM AND IT’S IMPLICATION ON GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (THE MIDDLE EAST EXPERIENCE 1990 – 2007)
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TERRORISM
AND IT’S IMPLICATION ON GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (THE MIDDLE EAST
EXPERIENCE 1990 – 2007)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is
violence or threat of violence calculated to create an atmosphere of fear or
alarm and thereby bring about some social and political changes. This
definition is in line with the explanation offered by a South American Jurist
more than 30 years ago, according to him “Terrorism consists of acts that are
in themselves may be classic-crimes, murder, arson, the use of explosives, but
that differ from classic crimes in that they are excited with the deliberate
intention of causing panic and terror within an arranged or organized society1.
It is the use of violence and most especially the fear it causes among people
for political objectives.2
It was also
defined by the Terrorism Research Center as “the systematic use of physical
violence against non combatants but with an audience greater than the immediate
victim in mind to create a general climate of fear in a large population in
order to affect some kind of political and social changes”3.
The United
States Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as “the unlawful
use of force or violence against persons or property to intimate or coerce a
government, the population or any segment thereof in furtherance of political
and social objectives”4. In basic terms, terrorism is an act of inflicting
terror upon the people in the process of achieving personal or political
objectives5.
Although
from the above definitions, it can be rightly concluded that there is no
precise or widely accepted definition of the concept of terrorism, it is
generally believed that terrorism is the use of covert violent actions in order
to achieve certain objectives. It is a form of covert attack directed at
targets that are outside a certain range of clearly military targets. Though
the terrorist attack on the world trade centre in New York and the Pentagon in
Washington DC constitute a prime case, most terrorist attack are aimed at
domestic regimes or other targets within the terrorist own country7.
Terrorism is
not new on the world stage. Northern Ireland had been dealing with terrorists
for more than forty years, Israel with Palestinian terrorists for much the same
period and Spain with Basque terrorists.
Although the
use of terrorism as a political tool extends far back into history, recent
decades have seen a rise in the practice for several reasons. One is the
overwhelming advantage in weapons that governments usually have over dissident
groups. Because many governments are armed with aircraft and other high tech
weapons that are unavailable to opposition forces, it has often become nearly
suicidal for armed dissidents to use conventional tactics.
Second,
terrorists’ targets are now more readily available than in the past: people are
more concentrated in urban areas and even in large buildings; there are
countless airline flights, and more and more people travel abroad. Third, the
mass availability of instant visual news through television and satellite
communications makes it easy for terrorists to gain an audience. This is
important because terrorism is not usually directed at its victims as such;
rather it is intended to frighten others. Fourth, technology has led to the
creation of increasingly lethal weapons that terrorists can use to kill and
injure large numbers of people. These technological “advances” include
biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological weapons7.
Terrorists
attacks are relatively regular event. In 2000 there were 423 international
terrorist attacks – many of these carried out across national borders and there
were many other incidents of domestic terrorism. However, through this time,
Americans worried little about terrorism for example, in a survey conducted in
1999 that asked Americans to name two or three top foreign policy concerns,
only 12 percent of the respondents mentioned terrorism as a worry.8
This
American’s sense of security was shattered by the September 11, 2001 terrorists
attacks which included the destruction of the World trade Center, major damage
to the pentagon, the crash of a hijacked airliner in Pennsylvania, and the
deaths of over 3,000 people.
Soon
thereafter President George W. Bush responded by announcing a war on
terrorism9. An American led coalition of forces intervened in Afghanistan,
toppling the Taliban government that had supported Al Qaeda and attacking Al
Qaeda forces in the country. Later President Bush charged that Iraq, Iran and
North Korea constituted an “axis of evil” that, among other things were guilty
of state terrorism. In March 2003, the United States, in alliance with Great
Britain and other countries known as the coalition of the Willing attacked
Iraq, arguing in part that Iraq’s support of terrorism made it an international
threat and an outlaw nation.10
Terrorist
make use of various means in achieving their aims, irrespective of whether it
is individual group or state sponsored terrors. Some of which are briefly
stated as follows:
Kidnapping:
Seizure of one or more victims are then moved to a hideout. This method is
regularly abducted by the Niger Delta Terrorists Movements.
Barricade
Hostage: Seizure of a facility with whatever hostages available, these is made
cotangent on meeting terrorist demand.
Bombing:
Major bombing is the use of any type of explosives or device for terrorist
purposes, including those delivered through mail when sufficient demand or
casualties occurs, the terrorists group claims responsibility. Example Commuter
bombing in 2004 March that killed 191 people and wounded 1,8000. and July 7:
London bombings – Bombs explode on one double-decker bus and three London
Underground trains, killing 56 people and injuring over 700, occurring on the
first day of the 31st G8 Conference. The attacks are the firstsuicide bombings
in Western Europe.
Hijacking:
An attempt to seize an airplane, ship or other vehicle with whatever hostage
maybe in it, to force some actions or movement to another country upon an
agreement by authorities involved to terrorists demand.
Armed
attack: An attempt to seize or damage facility with no intent to hold for
negotiating purposes.
Assassination:
An attempt whether successful or not to kill a pre selected victim usually with
small arms or letter bombs, are executed form this small category, in many
cases, there is a specific intended victim.
Sabotage:
this is willful destruction of properties by any means including bombing.
Exotic
Pollution: The use of exotic substances such as atomic, chemical or biological
to contaminate materials of the targeted state. For example, the introduction
of mercury into orange shipped form Israel.
Threat for
hoax: The stated intent by a terrorist group to carry out an attack or a false
alert of authorities about the coming of terrorists attack by a named group.
Most of
these means terrorists adopt in carrying out their activities are becoming
obsolete because of the fact that most governments that are more effective in
combating terrorist elements.
Few
governments are as inclined as they were some years ago to release captured
terrorists simply to avoid further terrorists attacks. Most government have
adopted non concessions, non negotiations politics in dealing with hostage
cases or situation.11
Physical
security around likely target has increased for example, it has become more
difficult now, although it is still possible to smuggle weapons abroad through
airlines. Embassies are becoming virtual fortress (especially after the
terrorists attack on the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in
August 1998).
Diplomatic
and top executives often travel in armored limousines with armed body guards
(for example, the coming of former United States President Bill Clinton into
Nigeria and Ghana with armored limousines and several CIA and FBI agents). But
despite these undeniable achievements, the total volume of terrorist’s
activities in the world has increased. At the same time terrorism has become
bloodier and the terrorist seem to be less reluctant to inflict casualties. The
latest fear exercise after the September 11th incident is the fear of terrorist
making use of instruments of mass destruction in achieving their aims12.
One aspects
of the problem of definition of the term terrorism is the difficulty in
distinguishing between terrorism and a freedom fighter for example, the man who
attacks a plane and proceeds to kill some or all the passengers.
The man who
wrap bomb around his waist and drives into a shopping mall causing maximum
damages of government may well be a freedom fighter to his kith and kin.
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