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INFLUENCE OF
FATHERING STYLE ON SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT AMONG ADOLESCENTS
ABSTRACT
This study
examined the influence of fathering style on social adjustment among
adolescents in Surulere LED of Lagos State.
Four
hypotheses were formulated to guide the study.
To achieve
this aim, the researcher formulated four hypothesis to guide the study:
There is no
significant influence of fathering styles on social adjustment of adolescents.
There is no
significant impact of fathering styles on proneness to early pregnancy among
female adolescents.
There is no
significant cultural impact on fathering style on social adjustment of
adolescents.
There is no
significant influence of religious impact of fathering style on social
adjustment of adolescents.
The sample
comprised two hundred (200) participants selected through stratified random
sampling from four senior secondary schools in Surulere LED of Lagos State. A
well structured questionnaire was administered and used to solicit responses from
the respondents.
The analysis
of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the result at 0.05 level of
significance. Fisher’s protected t-test formular was used to do a pairwise
comparison of differences in-group means (X) resulting from influence of fathering
styles on social adjustment of adolescents. The result of the data analysis
obtained indicated as follows:
There is
significant influence of fathering styles on social adjustment of adolescents.
It was also found out that there is no significant religious impact in
fathering style of social adjustment of adolescents.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction Early pregnancy is a
situation whereby a girl-child is impregnated as a result of premarital sexual
activity. Many girls these days are in the habit of being involved in
premarital sexual acts due to civilization and education. There is no doubt
that the traditional values have been overthrown in favour of liberal sexual
attitude. According to Abe (1996), 63% of adolescents do not think that
virginity was important, but old-fashioned recreational sex seems to be the way
of many youths and the resultant effect of early pregnancy, abortion and
consequently death or destruction of the reproductive organs. Nwobi (1997)
describes the family as the network of persons intimately held together by a
bond of social or blood relationship. The family comprises the father as head
and breadwinner, the children who must take orders or directions from the
father. Therefore, for the father to raise meaningful and responsible children
in the society the needs to adopt a certain style of leadership or parenting.
1.1 Theoretical Background Arione,
(1994) used two typologies to describe fathering styles: demandingness and
responsiveness; that when crossed yields four fathering styles. According to
Arione, authoritative fathers are both responsive and demanding. They set clear
reasonable standards for responsible behaviour that are consistent with
children’s development and provide explanation for their positions. They are
also kind, warm, loving and responsive to children’s needs and will negotiate
their expectations. Authoritarian fathers are only demanding but not
responsive. They only place values on obedience to rules and discourage
give-and-take between father and child and do not take their children’s needs
into consideration. Permissive fathers are also indulging, they are responsive
but not demanding. These fathers are warm, accepting and tolerant of the
child’s impulses. They also make few demands on the child for mature behaviour,
but do not use much or no punishment and avoid exerting their authorities. More
recently, permissive fathers have been separated from neglecting-rejecting
ones, who also do not make many demands because they are disengaged and they are neither demanding nor
responsive. Thus this has caused the girl child who could not get what she
wants from her father to use what she has to get what she wants outside the
home. The resultant effect has been early sexual activity which is the result
of early pregnancy of the child. Sexual indiscipline among adolescents in secondary
schools includes increasing rates of premarital sex, promiscuity, prostitution,
teenage pregnancy, teenage marriage and motherhood, illegal abortions, child
abuse and abandonment and premature death for teenage mothers as a result of
abortion. The Newswatch (1985),main feature was the increasing rate of teenage
pregnancy captioned “Children Having Children”. The situation has assumed a
greater dimension because sexual indiscipline is closely related to criminal
acts – such as abortion and child abuse. Teenage pregnancy sometimes leads to
teenage marriage or what is usually called the “Shot gun marriage”. This option
is often frought with both medical, social and psychological dangers and
problems. For one thing, a girl’s body
is still growing and if nutrition is deficient such teenage girl is a poor
obstetric risk. For another there are psychological problems associated with
teenage marriage such as “Shot gun” marriage, leading t dropping out of school,
humiliation and degradation suffered by the adolescents and their families.
There are the financial implications and lack of psychological support system
for the adolescent mother. The attendant dropping out of school for the girl
usually forces into poverty cycle, while high increasing rate of illegitimate
pregnancy exacts a heavy financial toll on tax payers. Finally, single
parenthood seems to be increasing among adolescents as a result of early
pregnancy due to premarital sexual activity with/its implication for the proper
psychological well being of the child and the mother, and on the long run, with
social implications for the society (Kuforiji, 1998). It is a well known fact
that more teenagers are engaged in sexual intercourse at earlier ages. Rafiu
(1994) found that in a sample of 100 students in secondary schools 48% boys and
36% girls stated that they had sexual intercourse by age 15. A large proportion
of the girls indicated that they had partners who were old enough to be their
fathers, while only a small fraction of the male sample indicated that they had
sex with older girls. Thus the problem of “Sugar daddy and sugar mummy” is a major one among adolescents. The adult
society that preaches sexual morality and delayed gratification is thus
creating more problems. As a primary socializing agency the family’s impact on
man is total. According to Onyejiaku, (1991) no child born into the world with
the knowledge of right and wrong, rather it is when he internalized the
societal norms and values that he begins to relate with people around him
effectively. The responsibility of raising up a child to become socially and
psychologically well adjusted adult is mainly that of the father. According to
Lamb (1997) a father is a man who begets a child, a male parent, the founder of
a family or race, one who exercises parental care over another, a guardian or
protector. Nwadinigwe (2004) postulates that within the family, role sharing
among the parents exist. The father is expected to discipline the child and
ensure he is brought up in proper way. A father according to Clinton (1995), is
a man stabilizing influence upon his children, providing means by which his
children may face the outside world with confidence. The must significant
figure in a family setting and the head of the house in all issues of paramount
importance. Scholars theorized on individual behaviour, socialization process,
fathering process and their influence on adolescents. When children watch the
behaviour of model, especially, their
fathers, they quickly tend to imitate both the specific responses and
generalized response patterns of the
model, the father or mother as fathers are viewed as models worthy of emulation
by their children. Similarly, a child may face trauma of neglect when the
father who is supposed to be supportive and involved is not around to give
appropriate model, care, comfort and supervision to the child. Fathers who
adopt the I-don’t-care attitudes or styles in bringing up their children
especially during their formative ages will end up having wayward,
recalcitrant, rascal family and the immediate community or society. For
instance, a girl child whose father does not meet up with her demands or needs
may go out to form allies with the peers who would obviously misadvice, mislead
and misdirect her into joining gangs of sexual promiscuous persons, women of
easy virtues who are in the ha its of using their bodies to acquire what they
lack from their homes. The gradual process of promiscuity could graduate the
child into being a mother at tender age, prostitution and the loss of
educational career cum opportunities in future. Also fathers who are too rigid
or authoritative, may produce children whose characters are deceptive. These
children may be sheep in homes but wolves in the outside world. In any case,
they are pretenders who hide their characters in the presence of their
autocratic fathers, but tend to live another pattern of life entirely from the
ones they exhibit in the home. At home they are quiet and innocent, outside the
home, they are wayward , sensuous and promiscuous. This hide and child to
premarital sexual activities and consequently unwanted or even abortion and
loss of precious tender life (Uzoma, 1998). The sociological theory of symbolic
interaction posits that children and infants are ignorant of rules and roles of
the society when they are born and to turn them to socially responsible beings,
they must acquire new roles by their interactions with significant others
especially, their fathers, mothers and siblings. Through interaction with the
father who disciplines directs and nurtures the child, the child acquires
social norms, values and skills within the culture. The father’s roles in
traditional perspective is being aloof and distant. A situation whereby the
father is respected but feared by the children who never learned to know him
very well, unlike the mother who care for the home and raised the children. It
in this light that Osarenren (1998) claimed that the process of socialization
starts in early life and is a life long process. Moreover, Howels (1985) saw
the fathers as inculcating attitudes and behaviours that their children needed
for educational, moral and vocational development and that if father fail to
bring up their children, especially the girls, it leads them to adopt traits
and negative behaviours that are inimical to the societal norms. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The most
turbulent state of human development is agreeably the adolescent stage. The
adolescent is characterized by identity crisis, aggressive, hostile and
manifest destruction behaviour. This problem is related to father’s attitude
and style in reaching out to the adolescent since it affects his confidence
level in relating with people he comes across. When he becomes withdrawn, feels
rejected, depressed and frustrated (Nwadinigwe, 2004). Fathering styles have
correlation with the up bringing of their children. For instance, fathers who
adopt the I-don’t-care attitudes in nurturing their children especially the
girl-children, will end up fathering children who are wayward, recalcitrant,
rascal and maladjusted in the family and the immediate community or society.
For instance, a child (girl) whose father does not meet up with her demands or
basic needs may go out to meet her peers who would misadvice, misdirect and
mislead her into joining a gang of sexual prostitutes or women of easy virtues
who use their bodies to get material things they lack at home. When fathers
neglect to rear their children very well, it leads the girls to engage
themselves befriending men, the opposite sex who they feel will protect them
like their fathers and provide them what they lack in fathers. This association
could lead to promiscuity, premarital sex, unwanted pregnancy and abortion
which consequently lead to termination of life and career of the adolescent. It
is in this vein that Clinton (1995) saw a father as a man stabilizing strong
influence upon his children, providing means by which his children may face the
outside world with confidence. 1.3
Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is mainly to examine the
influence of fathering styles on social adjustment among adolescents in
Surulere LED, in Lagos State. Other specific objective are: 1. To determine whether fathering
styles influence adolescents’ social adjustment. 2. Examine the extent gender
difference exists due to fathering styles. 3. To find out whether religion affect
the fathering styles of parents. 4.
Determine whether cultural impact on fathering styles affects the social
adjustment of children. 5. To
identify different types of fathering styles. 1.4 Research Questions The following
questions were raised for the conduct of this study: 1. Will fathering styles influence the
early pregnancy of girls? 2.
Does fathering styles influence adolescents social adjustment? 3. To what extent does gender
difference in fathering style affect the academic achievement of the girl
child? 4. Will religion affect
the fathering styles of parents? 5.
To what extent will cultural impact on fathering styles affect the
social adjustment of adolescents? 6.
How can we identify types of fathering styles? 1.5 Research Hypotheses The following
research hypotheses were formulated to conduct this study: 1. There is no significant influence
of fathering styles on social adjustment of adolescents. 2. There is no significant impact of
fathering styles on proneness to early pregnancy among female adolescents.
3. There is no significant
cultural impact of fathering styles on social adjustment of adolescents.
4. There is no significant
influence of religious impact on fathering style on social adjustment of
adolescents. 1.6 Significance of the Study The study will
be significant in several ways thus: 1. Fathers: This study will enable
fathers to be more aware of the fact that they need to gather their children,
especially the girls very well so as to avoid premarital sexual activities,
pregnancy and abortion which may claim their lives. This study will help
fathers to know the different patterns of rearing a child and to adopt the best
pattern they deem fit. 2. The
Findings of this study will help adolescents, especially, girls to know that
they need to be nurtured by their fathers and to come to terms with the fact
that they could end up in becoming mothers if they re badly brought up or
nurtured by poor fathering style. 3.
The findings and recommendations of this study would assist teachers who
are themselves parents, to imbibe the culture of training their children/wards
very well, bringing them up in the normal way that could make them adaptive to
normal systems of the society and to grow as responsible adults. 4. Counsellors will see this study as
reference material in that it will help them to use the recommendations in this
study to help adolescents who have different problems as a result of being
under the yoke of bad fathering. 5. Society will find the recommendation
of this study as important in making them to draw inference on the best way of
fathering a child. Also, scholars and neophytes in research will find this
study a reference and relevant material in doing further work on related
issues. 1.7 Scope of Study The
study will cover the influence of fathering styles on social adjustment among
adolescents in Surulere LED, of Lagos State.
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