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COSTS OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN BUILDING SITES
ABSTRACT
The
construction industry is inherently hazardous. Thus, there is a need to make
the construction site a safe place to work although the poor safety record
remains a concern. The determination of the aggregate costs of health and
safety programmes is considered a leap for achieving construction safety in
construction project delivery. This study evaluated the costs of health and
safety programmes in building project delivery. The study determined among
others, cost-related factors affecting health and safety programmes,
significant cost elements of health and safety programmes and determined the
size of contractors’ expenditure on health and safety programmes. The finding
of the study revealed that external monitoring and control requirements, level
of education and training, and scope of work-related hazards are significant
cost-related factors inhibiting contractors’ health and safety programmes. The overall costs of health and safety
programmes included in tender for building work generally amount to 0.31%. This
implies medium and large contractors’ in Eket allow 0.31% of the total project
costs for health and safety programmes in building contracts. The study
concludes that budgetary provisions for health and safety programmes in
building projects requires significant improvement in order to improve health
and safety performance in building project delivery.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Construction
Industry is indisputable for its overt position in the economy of any nation.
However, the poor safety performance of the construction industry has continued
to give international cause for concern staring challenge in its effort to
tackle the developmental initiative of many nations including Nigeria.
Workplace Health and Safety on its own is a global challenge to the sustainable
development of our society and civilization. According to the International
Labor Office (ILO), work related accidents and illness contribute 3.9 percent
of all deaths and 25 percent of the world’s population suffers a minor/major
occupational accident or work related disease in any one year (Smallwood,
2004). Other than the moral concerns, the economic cost is huge, this
undermines the industry’s efforts towards sustainable construction and development.
Health and
safety programmes were first introduced in Nigeria during the time of the
British Colony (Onyejeji, 2011). These programmes ensured that occupational
health workers were dispatched to industrial plants and other commercial
undertakings, including plans for monitoring. The initiative led to legislation
that produced the Labour Act of 1974, the factories Act of 1987, and the
Workman’s Compensations Act 1987.Other relevant acts to occupational health and
safety in Nigeria are Labour Acts 1990, and Workman’s Compensation Act 2004.
Theoretically, the goal of regulatory policies is to isolate incidents where
misinformation about health risks leads people to make non-optimal decisions in
order to internalize the situations, where health and safety risks are not
already realized in the market decision. Policy needs to strike a balance
between the costs of prevention, borne by employers, and the costs of injuries
and ill health which fall upon the individual and society.
Despite
being among the countries that signed the occupational health and safety law in
the Geneva Convention of 1981, the pathetic health and safety situation in
Nigeria construction industry made Idoro (2008; 2011), to conclude that the
contractors’ management efforts on occupational health and safety, do not
reflect in their scope of operations and the accident and injury rates of the
Nigerian construction industry are high, as there are many collapse building
and structures everywhere, workers falling off height, because they didn’t wear
their body harness, etc.
One factors
stand-out clear about the low level of safety performance in the Nigerian
construction industry, that is, cost related concern (Okoye, 2013).
Construction organizations increasingly argued that safety concerns are not
well prioritized in the building sector compared to oil and gas industry
(Onyejeji, 2011).
Now, with increased awareness and re-emerging
interest to improve safety performance in the building sector (Idoro, 2011;
Okoye, 2013), it is requisite to understand the cost implications of
implementing safety practices in the Nigerian construction industry. According
to Idoro (2011), a better approach to improve safety is to focus on proactive
efforts dealing with the cost of mitigation. Against this backdrop, this study
is targeted at improving state of existing knowledge about the magnitude of
contractor’s cost on safety management programme.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
There is a
high rate of accidents on construction sites across the globe but the
developing countries have peculiar situation that calls for immediate
attention. According to Adade-Boateng, Fuhar and Adinyira (2016), the
construction industry continues to record high occupational accidents
worldwide. The industry employs about 7% of the world's population and yet
accounts for 30-40% of global occupational accidents (ILO 2005). In many
developing countries, accurate statistics of injuries and fatalities in the
construction industry are virtually non-existent due to poor recording and
notification systems (Adade-Boateng, Fuhar and Adinyira, 2016). Ha¨ma¨la¨inen
et al, (2006) argued that in spite of this, figures obtained are still used as
a "baseline for occupational safety work". Available data would
suggest that accident rates in developing countries are 3–6 times greater than
in the developed countries (Jason, 2008).
Idoro (2011) observed that contractor’s management efforts on
occupational Health and Safety does not reflect the scope of operation. Some
organisations don’t give the protection of their workforce the priority it
deserves. This is due to the lack of knowledge, skills and motivation, or
limited staff resources (Chapman and Ward, 2003). Previous research also stated
that cost is also an important factor responsible for the poor Health and
Safety Performance in the construction (Smallwood, 2004). Cost is a critical
criterion determining contractor’s decision to invest.
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