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ASSESSMENT
OF COMMONLY IDENTIFIED DISEASES IN THE 2 COMMON POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The survival
of rural poultry industry in developing countries depends to a large extent on
the type of rearing methods employed and seasonal changes in weather
conditions. In nearly all African countries, poultry production in rural areas
is predominantly based on a free-range system utilizing indigenous types of
fowl, (Kitalyi, 1998; Horst, 1988). The system is characterized with family
ownership of the birds. Then birds are then left to scavenge to meet their
nutritional needs. The feed resources vary depending on local conditions and
the farming system. Housing may or may not be provided, (Huchzermeyer, 1973;
Atunbi and Sonaiya, 1994; Kuit, Traore and Wilson, 1986). Where housing is
provided, usually local materials are used for construction. Low productivity
is the main feature of this production system, which can be attributed to low
genetic potential, poor disease control programmes and poor feeding. Recently,
the highly infectious Newcastle disease (NCD) is reported to have caused 100
percent mortality. And it has been identified as a major poultry production
constraint in the village chicken production systems of many African Countries
(Chabeuf, 1990; Olayiwole, 1984; Achiempong, 1992).Livestock husbandry
activities are minimal with some roles played by gender .The health of the
birds is not guaranteed because; there are little to no disease control
programmes such as vaccination of the birds at various stages and ages. The
birds are exposed to many disease conditions at various seasons of the year .In
most cases indigenous knowledge are used to treat/handle the poultry (Ugwu,et
al., 2009).
Disease like
Newcastle and parasitic infection have been reported to be the most devastating
and prevalent poultry disease in many developing countries especially in
Africa, (Chabeuf, 1990; Chrysostome,1995; Bell, Kane and Le Jan, 1995).
Parasites are also prevalent due to favourable environmental conditions,
(Zaria, et al. 1993). In spite of low-input by rural poultry farmers in
developing countries on poultry production, free-range birds play many
socio-economic roles. In Africa, they constituted over 50 percent of the total
poultry population and contributed 30 to 80 percent of total national poultry
products (Sonaiya, 1990). Estimates based on human and livestock population in
Ethiopia showed that the village chicken provides 125kg of poultry meat per capital
per year, whereas, cattle provides 5.23kg, (Forsiddo, 1986).
In Africa,
mortality of indigenous chickens under free-range system was very high due to
diseases, poor management, poor breeding system and malnutrition, (Dipleolu,
Keripe, Gbadamosi, and Gbadamosi, 1998). Also, some diseases can appear more
prevalent and devastating at certain seasons of the year. Newcastle disease and
other respiratory diseases become more prevalent in the dry season while
parasitic infections appear more during the rainy seasons.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The
prevention and management of diseases outbreak and the systems of poultry
management in Sierra Leone remains the major challenge to the maximization of
profits and other benefits that could be realized from poultry.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Poor
management system of poultry production and ineffective diseases prevention and
control has been identified as a major constraint militating against the
survivability of poultry enterprise in Sierra Leone in general and the rural
set-up in particular. The poor management of the enterprise greatly favoured
other seasonally-dependent poultry diseases that constitute a major threat to
poultry business and its profitability.
Thus, the
objectives of the study were to:
(a) Identify the common system of poultry in
Sierra Leone
(b) Identify
the pattern of disease outbreak and possible causes in the systems of poultry
management identified
(c) To access the consequences in the growth and
production of chicken in these (free range and intensive) systems.
(d) To
identify and access the methods of prevention and control of the diseases in
the two systems identified.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The
population of rural poultry in Africa has been estimated to account for more
than 60 percent of the total national poultry population, (Sonaiya, 1990a). for
example in Nigeria, rural poultry accounted for about eighty percent of the
total national flock, (Awan, 1993). Despite the high percentage, the
survivability of rural poultry industry in Nigeria is very low due to poor
management techniques embarked upon by rural poultry farmers, and outbreak of
seasonally dependent diseases that can account for high chick losses.
The
management of village chicken is complicated by the presence of multi-aged
groups in the same flock. High chick mortality can be attributed to poor
feeding, house and health control practices. There was usually no preferential
treatment for the chicks, as they compete for the available feed resource with
other animals. Where supplementary feeding and water are provided, the
containers used are too deep for the chicks to reach the contents. Predation
can also be a major cause of high chick mortality because; the young chicks are
more vulnerable. Predators like hawks, rats, mongooses, snakes, dogs, cats and
foxes prey on young chick especially those in free-range management system.
This
management system can leads to failure of health control programs due to poor
administration of vaccine carriers whether food or water as the birds are
unprotected. Feeding and health improvement programmes will only be successful
if this situation is given due consideration to ensure that the different birds
are protected. The mortality rate of naturally brooded chicks, whose only
source of feed is from scavenging under free-range conditions, is very high and
often exceed 50 percent up to eight weeks of age. (Chabeuf, 1990; Olayiwole,
1984; Achiempong, 1992).
Therefore
there is a need to adopt a better system of poultry management that reduces or
prevent the loss of small chicks and the fowls to diseases and other
environmental factors that are detrimental to the profitability of poultry
management.
1.5 PURPOSE OF STUDY
It is hoped
that this research work with many other relevant ones will not only inform but
provide enough impetus to drive the needed change we need to see that will lead
to increase profitability of poultry management in our country Sierra Leone.
1.6
ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
This study
was based on the following assumptions:
That poultry management especially within
the rural communities could be improved through the sensitization of the major
actors to the outcomes of this research.
That diseases management in poultry could
be improved upon by properly educating everyone involved about simple ways to
prevent outbreak and by encouraging use vaccines.
That through our contact with the farms,
information could be shared and impacted by both parties for the mutual
benefits of all.
1.7
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The major
constraints encountered in the course of this research were: financial
problems, bad road network leading to farms and the farmers in charge,
transport cost, logistic cost and cost of consumables, cost of research
materials were also high.
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INFORMATION:
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THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the problems
and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North
East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases, the
importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are
bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this
general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and
prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo
State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of cocoyam
in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam
production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this
study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents
encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that are
cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
HOW
TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
Teller Number (If you made a direct deposit)
We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
UBA.
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
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